Female Prisoners With Mental Health Issues - 1521 Words

Multiple sources confirm that the population of female prisoners is rapidly increasing in the United States. The population now far exceeds one million prisoners (Bloom Covington, 2008) (Lewis, 2000). It is pertinent to recognize the group of female offenders with mental illness; they are a group that is seldom considered when pondering societal groups relating to communication. Through substantial research, several issues that ail this community have been distinguished and can be connected to communication, as this work will reveal. Some of these issues include the reality of self-harm, histories of sexual and physical abuse, and aggressive behavior. Through the review of literature related to female prisoners with mental health†¦show more content†¦Lord, the author of â€Å"The Challenges of Mentally Ill Female Offenders in Prison.† Lord discusses the need for attention to be directed toward inmates suffering from mental illness. The journal notes that many reactiv e signs of some mental illness may include self-harm, rule breaking, and aggression, which can lead to segregation in prison rather than treatment for mental illness. Lord emphasizes the need for special settings or programs and treatment to accommodate the mentally ill (Lord, 2008). Unfortunately minimal data exists about the current prevalence of psychiatric disorders ailing the large population of female prisoners with mental health issues, other than data from years in the past. Lewis explains that the lack of current data impacts the difficulty of addressing the various needs of inmates through the development of new programs (Lewis, 2000). Many of the journal articles within this review address treatment for female inmates with mental health needs. Literature Review Addressing Mental Illness It has already been established that the prison population for female offenders is growing, but the complexity of the population is changing as well. Special populations make up the group of female offenders, specifically including middle-aged inmates, physically ill inmates, and of course mentally ill inmates (Lewis, 200). The pathology of these women vary, many struggle or previously struggled with substance abuse, psychosis,

Nutrition in Elderly People - 3480 Words

Nutrition in Elderly People Nutrition in elderly people is most often compromised as compared to that of the younger generation. This is because the older folks are faced with multiple, recurrent diseases, which affect their immune systems in several ways, one of them being the over usage of medication which suppress the immune system (Alberti KG, 2005). Under-nutrition is exceedingly a common condition among the elderly, and therefore, people are not aware that many of them also suffer from overweight and obesity. The aging process is not the cause of malnutrition but people have formed an opinion that there is a relation between malnutrition and the aging process. They forget that under-nutrition in the elderly is as a result of the following common risk factor such as; social isolation, stroke, housebound, gait and balance disorder, swallowing disorder, Parkinsons disease, adverse drug reactions, chronic pain, fractured hip, depression and recent hospitalization (Escott-Stump, 2008). Therefore, all these risk factors must be taken into consideration especially when managing an elderly persons nutrition. Nutrition in the elderly has become a common problem due to the scenarios where doctors pay little or no attention to the nutritional status of the elderly person hence leading to a high number of nutrition related cases among the elderly than other age groups. 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Past studies and research have shown that nutritional support of the elderly and the ill could improve the quality of life in terms healthRead More The Elderly and Malnutrition Essays1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Elderly and Malnutrition      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At any age, nutrition is vital to maintaining health and enhancing quality of life.   However, achieving good nutrition can be especially difficult for the elderly, the fastest growing portion of Americas population.   Many factors, including physiological changes, changes in nutritional needs, illness and physical limitations, food-medication interactions, depression and loneliness, and food insecurity are common causes of malnutrition in the elderlyRead MoreFood Assistance Programs For Food Aid Programs1450 Words   |  6 Pages† As a result of this data an increase in societal level food interventions are important to implement to meet the nutritional needs of the elderly. 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Consequently, because of ineffectiveRead MoreNutrition For Kids : Nutrition1704 Words   |  7 Pagesbody weight or 2-3 liters per day† (healthyeating.sfgate.com). Good nutrition means getting the right amount of nutrients from healthy foods in the right combinations. Knowing about nutrition and making smart choices about the foods you eat can help you achieve good health. Good health avoids obesity and a great number of illnesses. Nutrition for Kids Nutrition is very important for everyone, but especially for kids. Nutrition is directly linked to all aspects of their growth and development. ItRead MoreThe Importance Of Nutrition On Our Daily Lives1683 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years we have come to discover the importance of nutrition on our daily lives. Our daily nutritional intake affects every aspect of our functioning, especially as we age. Unfortunately this factor is too often overlooked. It is imperative that we truly understand the impact of proper nutrition on our lives, as aging is a complex process. Over time the human body accumulates damage in many of its major systems. Countless hours of research have gone into studying the human body and how itRead MoreElderly Nutrition1540 Words   |  7 Pagesolder population will continue expand in size and diversity. Individual older people differ greatly from one another in their nutrient requirements and need for nutrition services. The aging individual in good health who exercises regularly and takes few medications may have nutrient requirements that are similar to those of younger adults of the same sex, build, and health status. Conversely, the chronically ill elderly adult who is regularly taking a wide variety of drugs is likely to have increasedRead MoreElderly Nutrition1532 Words   |  7 Pagesolder population will continue expand in size and diversity. Individual older people differ greatly from one another in their nutrient requirements and need for nutrition services. The aging individual in good health who exercises regularly and takes few medications may have nutrient requirements that are similar to those of younger adults of the same sex, build, and health status. Conversely, the chronically ill elderly adult who is regularly taking a wide variety of drugs is likely to have increasedRead MoreFood Requirements For The Elderly994 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1. THE ELDERLY Food requirements for the elderly Calorie needs- The age increase of the elderly means that their activity level is minimum, this leads to the elderly needing to consume less calories than before. Depending on the physical active level of the senior, The National Policy and Resource Centre on Nutrition and Ageing from Florida University suggests that males aged 50 to 70 need approximately 2,220 calories per day. While females aged 50 to 70 require 1,980 calories per day. AfterRead MoreThe Greater Cleveland Food Bank828 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization that serves Northeastern Ohio and was founded in 1979. The organization seeks to bring nutritious meals those that are most affected by hunger and poor nutrition in the region, such as low income families and elderly. The organization is headquartered on the eastern side of Cleveland, OH. 1 Statement of need, purpose, rationale Nutrition plays an important role in one’s health, an unhealthy diet can be a contributing factor for overall poor health. In fact, it can even lead to numerous enduring

Diversity in Law Enforcement the Report Free Essays

The Everly Police Department is facing a problem in which there is not an policy or procedure in which complaints from the newly formed Diversity Complaint Bureau can follow to resolve the complaints that are being submitted. Analysis Recently a report was made public by the Minority Police Officers Organization regarding the lack of diversity within the Everly Police Department. Results detailed the fact the Everly Police Department is a male dominated and paramilitary force and it has not taken any steps in order to promote or celebrate it. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity in Law Enforcement: the Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Numbers show that the majority of all force members are white males, with the minority being women, Hispanics, African-Americans and Asians. Since this report was made public the newly appointed assistant superintendant of public for administration, Linda Michaelson, has been given the role of damage controller in order to reverse the results of the report and show the public that the Everly Police Department is diverse and that they have the right procedures in place for employees to submit their complaints regarding diversity in the department. Linda started by formulating a plan for a new bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau called Diversity Complaints. This plan was approved by both the superintendant and the city council and was put into action. The plan brought forward some hesitation from both mid-level field-commanders and union representative as they felt as if someone was always going to be looking over their work and it was not approved into agreements by union officials. The plan was put into action anyway and proved to be successful with 7 complaints submitted within the first month. Complaints are submitted by forms which can be accessed through a variety of sources, including electronically (on-line) and hardcopy (a copy mailed to each employee, and located visibly in all departments). Once a form is complete, it is submitted via email or regular post. From a complete formal complaint, an internal affairs detective would investigate it and form a reasonable resolution. Linda suggested that the ending resolution of a complaint could come in the form of sensitivity training to employees or possible position dismissal of employees involved. Once a resolution has been reached the complaining employee would be contacted. With seven complaints in one month, reviewed and investigated, Linda and her fellow diversity bureau employees had one more step to take and that was to resolve the complaints in fashion in which all parties involved would be disciplined, should the complaint be legitimate after the complaint was investigated. This is where Linda was stumped. Linda needs to formulate a guideline for the Diversity Bureau to follow once a complaints investigation is complete. The guidelines must be fair to the parties involved. Another problem is that each complaint is going to be different so it is going to hard to set a resolution for each and every complaint that may be submitted. Individual(s) Linda Michaelson has been with the Everly Police Department for 22 years and was the key player in the making of the ‘Hostile Work Environment’ report and implementation process of a new bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau called ‘Diversity Complaint’ within the department. She like most started off as a patrol officer and moved her way up into higher positions within the department. According to the case however, these moves up did not come easily without critism and judgement from other officers, as she was a female in a male dominated field of work. Her positions have included being a patrol officer, a public school safety officer, a contact for the detective bureau and most recently an assistant superintendent of police for administration. Linda’s father was a retired sergeant with the Everly Police Department and always gave Linda advice on how to overcome the biases of her gender in the department. He also was her greatest supporter of following her dreams to keep moving up. He gave advice saying ‘to be the best at what she did’. As now the assistant superintendant of police for administration, one of Linda’s roles was to manage the results of the recently released report, paid for by the Minority Police Officers Organization, on the diversity within the Everly Police Department which came back as quite damaging to the force. Linda was told that her job was to do the damage control for the results. Linda was able to relate and react to some of the complaints being issued and brought forward by fellow department employees as she too has been the subject to gender and sexual harassment in the workforce and has seen others be subject to the same. Linda was influenced by her father to succeed and move higher in the force if she wished to do so. As woman in the male dominated career field she knew it would not be easy and her father was the one who gave her advice on how to proceed, especially if someone got in her way and told her she could not do it, or gave her difficultly doing what she has wanted. Linda knew that even though she was a woman, there was no job within the department that a man could do better than her. With these thoughts she proceeded to move up and not letting anyone get in her way. I believe that the Everly Police Department could have indeed avoided the situation in which they have now found themselves in. Should the Everly Police Department had done something, whether it be their own research, changes with time and the changing workforce in their in existing policies and procedures for complaints, they would not be in such a reputation damaging situation. With the new formation and implementation of a Diversity Complaint bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau, Linda hope to achieve an easier, more effective and trusting way for employees to have their complaints and biases heard. She also wishes to achieve effective ways to respond and actions to take when dealing with the complaints; a way that the incidents will be resolved and a way that will ensure that they will not happen again. Linda can justify feeling the way she does about the need of this new bureau to be formed in the Everly Police Department as she has been the subject first hand to workplace harassment and the hesitance that many people feel when making a complaint to the superintendant or union member. Linda’s passion to create a diversity complaint bureau that all employees can submit a complaint(s) to without judgement and fear of the complaint being thrown out or not resolved is very much present. This new venture will make all employees, minority or majority, feel a lot more comfortable and place more trust on the organization should there be a procedure in which results and implications are being made. I do not believe that there is another explanation for the current situation in which the Everly Police Department is in. They clearly have an issue of corruption in the complaints department that has now made employees scared, anxious and uncomfortable at their place of work, which is clearly not acceptable. Until this time, there was no talk of trying to fix the issues that they have in regards to diversity within the organization or the policies and procedures for employees to follow to submit complaints. Organization The Everly Police Department has found themselves to now have a very bad public image and bad reputation for being un-diversified. The department never took upon themselves to look into and hire an outside source to research the diversity within the department. Now, an outside organization called the Minority Police Officers Organization has completed that task and has released the results to the public through many media sources. In having these results published severe damage has been done to the department. It shows them to be a male dominated, paramilitary organization, in which has no ability to integrate minorities. The department has also never considered the re-vamping or the new creation of a way for employees to submit complaints in confidence, knowing that action will be reached and not thrown out because of corruption within the complaint process. The department may have also found themselves to be in this predicament as they have never approached employees on the states of the program that they have in place now. They do not know how employees feel about the processes that are in place now and whether or not employees are feeling that the complaints are being adequately resolved and are not reoccurring. Within the Everly Police Department there has been no recent change in the policies and procedures that employees must take to submit a complaint. For years complaints were to be submitted to the superintendant or to a union representative. They then were suppose to take the complaints and resolve the issue at hand. Many times, as stated in the case, these complaints were disregarded as the superintendent or union representative said that the complaint was not legitimate and that the older employees are still adhering to policies from 20 years ago, the one that they were used to. The external environment is pushing the Everly Police Department to change it values. The department is stuck on values that were established 20 plus years ago. The generation that is now being employed is a generation that wants values where everyone is accepted, where there is no discrimination in the hiring process, and where harassment amongst co-workers in any form is not tolerated. In today society many people of all races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions are entering the workforce and are determined to be treated as an equal. There is no explanation or reason why they should not be, they are the same as everyone else and can perform the same tasks no matter what their gender, race, ethnic background or religious beliefs, and the pressure is high for organizations to conform to these societal expectations. External organizations have now gone as far as pursuing their own research studies into the values, policies and procedures of the police department and are publicising reports that are being proven to be very damaging to the department. The present situation could have been prevented if the Everly Police Department’s structure and policies had been different. Should the structure and policies have been updated and revamped with the newer values of the new generation of employees and older employees educated on the ways why they should also open their minds to change, I do believe that the report that the Minority Police Offers Organization has publicised would not have been so damaging. The Everly Police Department has made the right decision in regards to the damage control of the report that was made public. It has taken the right steps in asking Linda to create and implement the new bureau for diversity complaints. Although this move has been long overdue and the reputation of the Everly Police Department has been given a bad name, I believe that it was the push that they needed. This new bureau has already shown to be successful as within one month seven complaints have already been submitted. Now, Linda and the diversity complaint bureau must work together in order to form the right set of procedures that will allow for all complaints to be resolved and limit the complaints on the same action in the future. How to cite Diversity in Law Enforcement: the Report, Essay examples

Case Study Palliative Health Care Provision

Question: Write about theCase Studyfor Palliative Health Care Provision. Answer: Introduction In the case study provided, Harry Nelson is a terminally ill individual suffering from the last stage cancer. He is required to get medical care from the hospital, however, prefers to get it from his home. The condition of the patient is deteriorating, but due to the experience of not receiving care in many facilities, he refuses to go to the hospital and does not apply to advanced care. His daughter is in constant worry that her father has lost value for life, therefore, seeks for help from the palliative care despite the ethical conflict between them. The team analyses his condition and takes him to the hospital about their professional code of conducts, personal morality, principlism theory and the International Prague Charter relating to palliative care. In case study one, Harry Nelson has cancer which is in its last stages but insists on receiving medical care at his family home. The ethical conflict presented in this case scenario is the palliative care. According to his situation, he is reliable to receive further treatment and health care. Therefore, the palliative medical team finds it fit to take him to a medical facility in spite of his constant protestations (Brazil, Kassalainen, Ploeg Marshall, 2010). His daughter Stacey is always worried about the health of her father therefore and believes if he got increased medical attention, he would have a chance to live longer. Palliative health care is a policy that is used to guide nurses and caregivers in the provision of health care solutions to the critically ill persons. Palliative care aims in providing patients suffering from chronic illness with mental and emotional care support for the family and the patients. Also, the policy is aimed at helping to relieve or manage the pa in a paint is experiencing thus relieving them of their suffering. In the case study, when the palliative care team arrives at Harry's home to find conflicts however as per the rules guiding them, they take him to hospital despite his refusal (Drummond, Sculpher, Claxton, Stoddart Torrance 2015). Regarding the case scenario provided, the legally and ethical approach to addressing the conflict presenting itself is the patient choice. In this method, the family members and the nurses disagree with the personal choices of the patient especially in cases where the decisions are aimed at not helping the recovery process. According to the case study, Harry is aware of is inevitable death and therefore refuses to seek proper medical care because he thinks that it would not be of help to him (Naylor, Kurtzman, Olds Hirchman, 2011). The law of the land expects that every person receives correct and sustainable medical practice despite his or her condition and their perspectives. Legally Harry is entitled to the choices he makes regarding his treatment process however due to his condition, his legal right to personal choice is objected, and as a result, the palliative team takes him to hospital despite his knockback. Personal choice also is a logical approach regarding the health of a critically ill person. Many people suffering from chronic illnesses such as cancer prefer to receive treatment at home near their family and friends. However, home treatment may not be effective to the patient who needs constant care and observation. In most observed case, the health of a critically ill person receiving treatment from home tends to deteriorate because they are not getting nursing care at home leave alone the general care given by their family members (Smith et al., 2012). The decreasing health conditions of the patients also puts a strain in the mental and emotional status of friends and relatives as they tend to be always worried about the outcome of the disease. According to the case study, Harry prefers home treatment but while at it; his health deteriorates despite receiving care from his daughter thus forming a cause of conflict between the two individuals. Also, he has his daughter always worr ied when he chokes on his food prompting her to call the ambulance. The personal choice approach towards palliative care is relevant to the principle guiding medical ethics of selection of medical attention. Many patients who are terminally ill prefer to be treated at the comfort of their homes. In the case scenario, Harry opted to remain at home and receive treatment while at home. However, the home treatment is not effective because his condition is slowly worsening. As part of the patient's choice site of care, many of them prefer to be treated at home near their loved ones (Snyder, 2012). The home care treatment procedure is a primary therapy for the recovery of the patient because it hastens the process. However, despite the selection made by the patient, it is legally and morally right not to honor the choice if the health of the individual is continually worsening. The scenario provided a clear indication for this when the daughter of the patient called the ambulance that took her father to seek more medical attention. The personal choice approach is also relevant to the professional code of ethics that govern the nursing health care provision of whole person care. Whole person care is a procedure applied to the patient when treatment therapy seems not to be working or ceases to be effective. Overall care person strategy is aimed at dealing with all life aspects of living of a person. It is designed to improve healing and living rather than dying or pain evasion (Quill Abernethy, 2013). Whole person care is a procedure that cares for the emotional, mental and physical well-being of the patient. According to the study, a conflict exists between a daughter and her father regarding further treatment for the illness. The patient feels that he is too weak and sickly to gain from any medication; therefore, he refuses to go to the hospital and take heed in preparing for health care that is advanced. Legally and ethically the palliative care unit comes and moves him to a hospital setting. There is a conflict existing between the daughter and the father because Stacey believes if her father agrees on seeking advanced medical care his health would be improved and elevated towards recovery. However, the father who is a patient in this case scenario is not interested in more health care provisions due to his past experiences whereby he has exhausted all medical care services (Wool, 2013). Harry now does not believe that advanced care would be of help because of the current situation. Currently, his health is weakening further but is ignorant as he believes he cannot be saved and is apparently aware of his pending demise. To avert this mindset patients like Harry should be assisted in seeking attention that aims at reducing physical and psychosomatic problems. In the full care of a person, the dignity and self-worth of an individual are raised hence promotes quality living of the patient. The personal choice approach is a legal and ethical defensible approach addressing palliative care and holds quite a great relevance in the medical code of professional conduct which is reflectivity and ethics. Doctors are supposed to practice reflection of their patient's condition in an ethical way maintaining high levels of privacy. According to the case study provided, Harry Nelson is a cancer patient requiring palliative care from a hospitalized setting however he chooses to remain at his family home for the same. However, home care does not do favor his health as it is worsening hence his daughter decides to call in the palliative care for support (Cassel Rich 2010). On arrival, the team realizes that there is a conflict between the two about an attempt to seek advanced medical. Despite the current issues the team examines the condition of the patient and reflects on the best way forward. With the help of Harry's daughter, they make a joined decision to take him to hospital de spite his denial as a step relating to their expected code of conduct of ethics. The Prague Charter is an international charter whose aim is to urge governments of nations to make sure that palliative care is a right. Working together with individual national bodies such as "European Association Palliative Care," the charter insists that palliative care provision is a legal right for the affected individuals. The charter provides that all the terminally ill people receive care even though treatment to them has ceased to be of importance or lack meaning. According to the study, the team applies the requirements of the charter and aims to heed to them despite the current existing conflict between Harry and his daughter, Stacey (Spring et al., 2014). When they arrive at the patient's family home, they assess the condition of Harry and determine that he passes the requirements needed for transport and hospitalization. Despite the constant objections from the patient, they carry him for further medical care regarding the Prague Charter. According to the charter, the health care personnel should receive adequate knowledge and skills to ease their time when dealing with patients suffering from chronic diseases. When the medical care fraternity can work efficiently with patients needing palliative care, then they are in a position to give advice to family and the patients of the importance of registering for further treatment. About the case study, Harry stopped seeking medical attention and also has not registered for advanced medical care program (Ellershaw, 2011). The act may be out of ignorance or may be out of lack of knowledge of the importance surrounding the program. The palliative care team should have been in a position to follow up if the patient had applied for the program and offer advice accordingly. Harry is aware of his worsening condition is probably not seeking medical care because of the awareness of his near death. About this, the team should be in a position to advise him accordingly so that he can regain his sense of self-worth and value for living. The theory of principlism is a framework used in the medical field so as to deal with conflicts revolving the health care of a patient with a terminal disease. It also deals in defining the moral ethics that should be followed by practitioners during medical provision for the critically sick. In this theory, four main ideas are used during the delivery of palliative care they include justice, beneficence, non-maleficence and patient anatomy respect. Justice is a principle that promotes same health delivery for the patients needing palliative care (Schmidin Oliver, 2015). About the case study, the health care team practice of justice when they receive a call from Stacey and respond immediately. Also, they do not give up on their efforts to provide care despite the objections offered by the patient hence promoting justice in their performance. Beneficence and non-maleficence are closely related principles. Beneficence principle seeks to find the benefits that are reaped to seek medica l care and the relative cost of the provision while non-maleficence wants to reduce the likeliness of harm. In many instances, nurses and practitioners are forced to respect these principles even though their requirements tend not to comply with the human anatomy or their choices (Duke Bennett, 2010). To conclude, the Harry is a cancer patient needing health care in a hospital setting, but he opts to stay at home where he raised his family. Due to this reason, an ethical conflict arises between him and his daughter. His daughter believes if he took some time to seek further medical care his illness would be more manageable. However, on the contrary, Harry Nelson does not believe in more medical advice as he has exhausted all the systems and as a result, he does not apply for advanced medical care. His daughter is always worried due to his deteriorating health condition hence calls for help from the palliative care team who arrives to find a conflict between the two individuals. About the conflict, a personal choice approach is used to contact the dispute however in relevance to the principles of health care ethics he is ferried to hospital despite him refusing. The professional code of ethics of importance and ethics is used to deal with the conflict between the daughter of the pa tient and the patient. The Prague Charter is one of the international charters that guide the palliative care of the terminally ill hence it provides it as a human right to be assimilated by governments. The ethical theory surrounding this conflict is the theory of principlism that suggests that the actions of an individual are guided by their moral and ethical background. The theory is supported by four directives which are non-maleficence, beneficence, the anatomy of human body respect and justice all of which are used by medical personnel to provide palliative care. References Brazil, K., Kassalainen, S., Ploeg, J., Marshall, D. (2010). Moral distress experienced by health care professionals who provide home-based palliative care. Social science medicine, 71(9), 1687-1691. Cassell, E. J., Rich, B. A. (2010). Intractable End?of?Life Suffering and the Ethics of Palliative Sedation. Pain Medicine, 11(3), 435-438. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015). Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Duke, S., Bennett, H. (2010). Review: a narrative review of the published ethical debates in palliative care research and an assessment of their adequacy to inform research governance. Palliative Medicine, 24(2), 111-126. Ellershaw, J. (2011). Care of the dying: a pathway to excellence. Oxford University Press, USA. Mansfield, S. J., Morrison, S. G., Stephens, H. O., Bonning, M. A., Wang, S. H., Withers, A. H., ... Perry, A. W. (2011). Social media and the medical profession. Med J Aust, 194(12), 642-4. Naylor, M. D., Aiken, L. H., Kurtzman, E. T., Olds, D. M., Hirschman, K. B. (2011). The importance of transitional care in achieving health reform. Health affairs, 30(4), 746-754. Padeletti, L., Arnar, D. O., Boncinelli, L., Brachman, J., Camm, J. A., Daubert, J. C., ... Israel, C. (2010). EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the management of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices in patients nearing end of life or requesting withdrawal of therapy. Europace, euq275. Quill, T. E., Abernethy, A. P. (2013). Generalist plus specialist palliative carecreating a more sustainable model. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(13), 1173-1175. Radbruch, L., de Lima, L., Lohmann, D., Gwyther, E., Payne, S. (2013). The Prague Charter: urging governments to relieve suffering and ensure the right to palliative care. Palliative Medicine, 27(2), 101-102. Schmidlin, E., Oliver, D. (2015). Palliative care as a human right: What has the Prague charter achieved. Eur J Palliat Care, 22(3), 141-143. Smith, T. J., Temin, S., Alesi, E. R., Abernethy, A. P., Balboni, T. A., Basch, E. M., ... Peppercorn, J. M. (2012). American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: the integration of palliative care into standard oncology care. Journal of clinical oncology, 30(8), 880-887. Snyder, L. (2012). American College of Physicians Ethics ManualSixth EditionACP Ethics Manual. Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(1_Part_2), 73-104. Sprung, C. L., Truog, R. D., Curtis, J. R., Joynt, G. M., Baras, M., Michalsen, A., ... Bulpa, P. (2014). Seeking worldwide professional consensus on the principles of end-of-life care for the critically ill. The Consensus for Worldwide End-of-Life Practice for Patients in Intensive Care Units (WELPICUS) study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 190(8), 855-866. Wicclair, M. R. (2011). Conscientious objection in health care: an ethical analysis. Cambridge University Press. Wool, C. (2013). State of the science on perinatal palliative care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, 42(3), 372-382.

15 Funny Tweets that Sum Up Being a High School Senior

The saying these are the best years of your life comes from a Bryan Adams song that is 30+ years old. It doesnt feel applicable as youre studying for AP tests, losing sleep waiting for acceptance letters, waking up before sunrise for homeroom checkin. The good news is youre in the home stretch. Only two months until you graduate. Five months until youre out of the house, perhaps for good. We know exactly how youre feeling right now because weve been there. Here are 20 tweets every high school senior can relate to. my grades have never been so bad and I have never not cared so much #senioritis pic.twitter.com/8vo96eC64N Ivanisse (@ivaivaivanisse) March 11, 2016 I still use my assignment book. Crossing out all the none makes me feel accomplished. #senioryear Saad Ehsan (@saadi88ftw) March 2, 2016 Takin the derivative of my tears Finding the integral of my anxiety Approaching the limit of my sanity #calculus Kendall (@kendallskater) March 2, 2016 I dont care about not caring anymore #senioritis Carlitos Ramirez (@Cramirez_7) March 10, 2016 I had ONE responsibility tonight and I chose to ignore it #senioritis Miri Castle (@miriamelenaa) March 2, 2016 Bribing Your Teacher into Accepting Late Homework 101 #senioryear pic.twitter.com/nXxvPnNPL8 marykate (@maryykatee13) March 1, 2016 I dont even care even more I say as I pull an all nighter and stress for the next 12 hours #calculus charlotte (@char_vanalebeek) March 10, 2016 March 1st? Damn it I thought it said May 1st.. #senioryear Hunter Foster (@Tide_Cruizer) March 2, 2016 I have seem to forgotten what makeup and jeans are. #senioritis Maddie (@MaddieJensen) March 1, 2016 when ur gonna be late to 2nd period bc u skipped 1st period and now ur waiting in the drive-thru line at starbucks #senioritis Molly Null. (@Molly_Null) March 11, 2016 I wanna make a countdown for graduation but Im scared chin (@styIesnzayn) March 10, 2016 Ive been asking myself the same question all year in #ApChem What in the world is going on? Rod Guajardo (@Enchiladas09) March 7, 2016 im hella broke anyways ill just wear sweats to prom:)))) cassidy (@CassidyJae__) March 11, 2016 At this point, I need a mental health year. #senioryear Jonny Lim (@jlimmy_) March 1, 2016 2 months from today is Graduation I am both scared and excited! pic.twitter.com/IOPs5bwg0B Jon Nathaniel (@jonsuhirman) March 7, 2016 Dont forget that as a high school senior, youre eligible to join . You get paid $10 upfront for uploading your common app essay plus you get paid every time future applicants view your anonymous profile. Start racking up that beer money for college now!

AP and Everyday Use Comparison Research Paper Example

AP and Everyday Use Comparison Research Paper Example AP and Everyday Use Comparison Paper AP and Everyday Use Comparison Paper â€Å"A P† and â€Å"Everyday Use† Analysis and Comparison In a modern society where good deeds and integrity are taken for granted, it is necessary for people to stand up for what is right. The short story â€Å"A P†, written by John Updike, tells the story of Sammy and how he takes a stand for what he believes is right, only he is not given the gratitude he deserved. â€Å"Everyday Use†, written by Alice Walker, is another short story that shows how substantial it is to stand firm for one’s convictions and beliefs, especially in familial matters. Mama, the protagonist in â€Å"Everyday Use†, must make the decision of protecting her self-conscious daughter Maggie, or giving in to Dee, her other egocentric daughter who has forgotten the traditional values of their family. These two short stories indicate the importance of protecting people from the harshness of reality because not everyone is secure or aware enough to be able to stand up for themselves. Although one’s good deeds may often not be acknowledged, the inevitable lesson of maturity can be taught through such experiences. In â€Å"AP†, Sammy is a teenage clerk who is not acknowledged for accomplishing what he thinks is a good deed. During a hot day, three teenage girls walks into the AP grocery store, wearing only their bathing suits. The image of the girl’s revealing attire provides an absolute contrast to both the simple interior of the store and also of the other conservative customers. Sammy describes the customers as â€Å"sheeps† because they look mindless as they follow each other around the aisles in continual, constant motion. However, these three girls conflict with the imagery of â€Å"sheeps† by breaking the norms of what the AP grocery store, and society in general, has proclaimed as acceptable. These three girls symbolize the reverse of what Sammy has been accustomed to seeing in the store, which are the pedestrian and conformed customers. Infrequency rather than frequency triggers the events that occur in the AP grocery store. The sexually appealing nature of the girls provokes Sammy’s carnal appetite and engenders rebellious feelings towards conformity as well. This allows him to realize that his life has been tailored to that of the mundane lives of the other AP employees and customers. However, this epiphany leads Sammy to act impulsively when the girls are being admonished for their revealing attire by Lengel. Lengel, the conventional and austere store manager, further embodies the conformity that surrounds Sammy as Lengel reprimands the girls for wearing bathing suits in a grocery store. As Sammy sees his manager embarrassing the girls, Sammy has the choice of being a â€Å"sheep† or breaking out of the conformed structure of the AP store, such as the girls has done. Sammy is refreshed by the uniqueness the girls bring, and he also wants to be part of that. This shows that he wants to protect what the girls and what they represent, which is contrast to conformity. Sammy ultimately decides to defend the girls’ honor by quitting his job, and thus makes the statement of not being a â€Å"sheep† that is mindlessly led by society. Although this decision was driven partly by carnal feelings, it was primarily out of impulse and curiosity of what lies beyond the restricted borders of normalcy in the AP grocery store. Even though Sammy quit his job for the girls, they do not even acknowledge his act of sacrifice. Sammy is still given a chance by Lengel to reconsider his rash decision, but he continues to stands firm for what he believes in, even after the girls have already left the store. Sammy then walks out of the AP with no job and no display of affection or gratitude from the girls. Sammy has sacrificed his job for people who don’t care, and the harsh reality of sacrificing for people who do not care results in the compromise of self security. AP is a story about coming to age, and Sammy comes to age as he attempts to seek for something better than what the AP store can offer him. Teenagers often act impulsively and recklessly, and as a teenage boy Sammy can not help but be intrigued by what the girls symbolized, which contrast to conformity. Despite his losses, Sammy gains something as well. He realizes that he should be more in control of his feelings and that he should make decisions maturely and as an adult, not as an adolescent who acts out of impulsion and dispositions. Nonetheless, Sammy still stood up for what he believed was right at that moment, and that has caused him to mature and grow. Standing up for what is right is not an easy task, but it is necessary to protect those who can not defend themselves. Everyday Use† is about Mama and her decision to choose sentimental values over materialism. Dee is the educated yet selfish sister of Maggie, who is self conscious and withdrawn because she had been scarred by a house fire. After a very long time, Dee returns to her home in search of materialistic goods so that she can preserve her family†™s heritage by turning their culture into a commodity. Dee believes that possessing items with traditional value will allow her to understand her cultural heritage, and this symbolizes her misconception of viewing heritage as a material entity. However, Mama and Maggie clearly defines family and cultural heritage through their knowledge of everyday traditional practices, such as churning butter and quilting. Maggie and Dee are sisters, but they are like the two ends of a stick. Although they have been brought up in the same home and raised by the same mother, this is as far as their similarities go. The contrast of the two sister’s personalities creates a conflict because Dee is unable to comprehend that there is more than just material values in objects, while Maggie is able to fully fathom the significance of sentimentality. However, Maggie’s unsteady and delicate temperament prevents her from stopping her sister as Dee seeks out items of cultural value. This shows that Dee attempts to seek out her heritage without an understanding of what her heritage truly is. Maggie and Mama are able to comprehend and truly appreciate the cultural and sentimental values of the objects in their home because that is where their heritage lies, whereas Dee lives in the materialistic world, not the traditional. Dee later disapproves of how her mother and sister are ruining Maggie’s traditional wedding quilt by putting it through â€Å"everyday use† and that they are using it as nothing more than a mere commodity. This shows Dee’s misconception of heritage as a materialistic object. Dee scorns her sister because Maggie will not be able to appreciate the quilt in a sufficient way. Maggie is used to giving in to her sister and agrees to give Dee the wedding quilts, despite what the quilts has meant to Maggie. Maggie’s burned skin indicates how she has been â€Å"burned† throughout her life, and as a result Maggie is used to not having what she wants. However, Mama is able to relate more with Maggie than she can with Dee. Mama and Maggie both appreciate the true meaning of heritage and Mama surprises even herself as she stands up for Maggie and by defying Dee. Part of their heritage is for the mother to pass down objects of cultural value, such as quilts, to their daughter. As Mama stands up for Maggie and returns her the quilts, she asserts that Maggie wins over Dee, and that cultural values are dominant over materialistic values. This short story shows how important it is to take a tand for what is right, especially when a person is able to do so themselves. Maggie was unable to stop her self centered sister, so Mama stopped Dee herself. Dee has everything that she has ever wanted, everything except the heritage of her family. Mama and Maggie have nothing but heritage, and therefore Mama is able to stand up for Maggie because of this connection. It is evident that it is important to stand up for those who are unaware and unable to stand up for themselves. In â€Å"AP†, Sammy indicates that people should not have to conform to the rules of society. The girls broke out of the societal norms, and Sammy was refreshed to see such uniqueness. As a result, Sammy quits his job to express his dissatisfaction towards conformity. Although he was not acknowledged for his sacrifice, he matured and gained a valuable lesson despite of his losses. Sammy learned that he should think before reacting to his desires and impulses, and that lesson is much more valuable than catching the attention of some girl In â€Å"Everyday Use†, Maggie was unable to resist her self centered sister as she took the quilts. However, Dee misconceived the true value of heritage. Objects of cultural value are meant for everyday use, not to be displayed as a decorational trophy. People are able to keep memories and the past alive by putting such objects to everyday use, such as Mama and Maggie have rightly done. Both of these short stories express the importance of standing up for what is right, regardless that one’s action may go unnoticed or that one may be faced with the difficult decision of choosing one daughter over the other. A person’s integrity and character develops every time a person stands up for what he or she believes in. Standing up for what is right is a good deed, and people should always stand firm for what is right because despite the possible losses, there is much more to be gained. . Updike, John. â€Å"AP† Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, Compact. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner. , and Stephen R. Mandell New York: Heinle, 2006 Walker, Alice. â€Å"Everyday Use. † Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing, Compact. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner. , and Stephen R. Mandell New York: Heinle, 2006

Tranexamic acid and it's uses in pre-hospital an emergency medicine Research Paper

Tranexamic acid and it's uses in pre-hospital an emergency medicine - Research Paper Example The acid should not be used because it works against clots and hence activates intravascular coagulation and platelet usage. If a person with DIC is administered with the acid they end up having end-organ damage due to microvascular pathologies. The unwanted effects of the drug include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension and disturbances in vision. Tranexamic acid is used topically. The acid is excreted in the urine (Twycross et al, 2002). Tranexamic acid has lately been used in emergency medical scenarios. Even though hemostatic dressings and tourniquets have prevented conditions such as hemorrhagic shock, the usage of tranexamic acid can have the same effect. This drug has been used for a long time in cardiac surgeries and bleeding disorders such as hemophilia. Now it is being used in taking care of hemodynamic conditions. A study by the name of Clinical Randomization of an Antifibrinolytic in Significant Hemmorrhage 2 (CRASH-2) tested 20000 patients with tranexamic acid across various countries. The results of the study showed that in an emergency trauma center where patients had serious bleeding, tachycardia and hypotension were given tranexamic acid. The recipients of TXA had a mortality of 14.5 %. Hence patients receiving TXA were at benefit. Another study is the Military Application of Tranexamic Acid in Trauma Emergency Resuscitation (MATTERs) was carried out which involved TXA infusion in an out-patient hospi tal. Tranexamic acid was administered in patients in which hemorrhagic shock was suspected. The results of the MATTERs study showed that individuals who received TXA had a mortality of 17.4% (Goodloe, 2013). Annually more than 500000 women lose their lives to postpartum events such as childbirth. Obstetric hemorrhage cause increased rates of maternal mortality. Hence systemic fibrinolytic agents are used in surgeries to prevent fibrinolysis to avoid blood loss after surgeries. A study

Procedures in the Physical Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Procedures in the Physical Sciences - Essay Example Science can be defined to be a systematic knowledge of the physical material contained on earth and even beyond. This knowledge is gained through experiments and observations. Identify three (3) specific challenges to making direct measurements in the fields of astronomy, chemistry, physics, or earth science. Describe how scientists have utilized indirect forms of measure to overcome these challenges. Challenges’ arise in the quest to gain this knowledge, for example, ; it becomes difficult sometimes to measure some elements and phenomena directly. Astronomy as a science has been around for quite a while. Astronomy is defined as a natural science that studies objects in the universe such as planets, stars galaxies, moons and even nebulae. This study involves the physics chemistry mathematics and evolution associated with this objects not excluding the phenomena that originates outside the atmosphere of the earth (Neugebauer,50). Astronomy provides an opportunity for armatures to contribute. These contributions are responsible for major developments in this field. This does not imply that all or most discoveries have been carried out. Challenges have risen from different angles, for instance one of the major problems they have encountered is finding the accurate distance of planets and stars from planet earth. However, with the advancements made in the field discoveries such as the use of luminosity and brightness of the astronomical objects to figure out their distance from the earth. Luminosity is a way of measuring the amount of brightness or energy emitted by any form of matter in the universe (Salpeter,10-30). This implies that light that travels to reach the earth can be measured. A hypothesis is made that stars shift off the main sequence after they burn up to about 10% of the hydrogen they contain and that there is an uniform creation of stars in the universe. Using this hypothesis and the luminosity function that has been observed, the rate that stare created as a function of stellar mass is then calculated. These calculations are deemed to assist to indirectly give the distance of a body from the earth. Another possible indirect way of doing this is a method called parallax, which involves triangulation. The major process involved is looking at the records of a star and then looking at it six months later. Astronomers can measure the distance of the angle of viewing .the combination of this work with the orbital diameter of the earth to sun and some involved produces the distance of that body. Objects in space are not the only challenge that astronomers face. Another challenge that astronomers have faced is the determination of the age of the universe. There is no direct way of measuring how long the universe has been around. For a while in the 90s the estimated age of the universe was ten billion years, however, age estimates for the stars and the galaxy were about 13 and 18 billion years respectively. This implies that s ome bodies in the universe are older than the universe itself. Better estimates of distance to the stars used in measuring age have reduced the disparities down to only a few billion years. Giving a consideration at dark energy into the cosmological model pushed the age estimates of the universe to the current value of 13.80 billion years. Choose two (2) of the most historically influential tools or techniques in the physical sciences. Explain how these techniques or tools work, and how they helped to advance our

Job analysis on complex and senior job roles Essay

Job analysis on complex and senior job roles - Essay Example According to the research findings job analysis is the practice whereby job descriptions as well as the requirements of a particular job are put into perspective. To conduct successful job analysis, it is vital that data on various jobs are collected and analyzed. Analysis of leadership capacity among senior officials has indicated to be an uphill task for many officials in the organizations and Byham, et al. It is in light to this argument that, a myriad of assessment tools have been devised over the years. This essay shall aim at giving the definition of job analysis and the importance of conducting job analysis on complex and senior job roles. Job analysis as discussed above is a task that cannot be alienated if the organization or business has to succeed. Carrying job analysis of senior positions is really worth and applicable to the contemporary workplaces. According to Oswald job analysis takes shape in three forms. First, the job tasks have to be clearly outlined by the employ ers prior to employment, then the job duties well stipulated, and finally the job responsibilities given to the employees. A clear understanding of these attributes creates a situation whereby there will be minimal confusion on what functions each employee is supposed to serve in the course of carrying the duties in the workplace. An application of job analysis on employees of senior positions can equally benefit form clear depiction of job description, responsibilities, and duties. Through these, the senior employees will have a clear understanding of what confines they ought to operate within and what steps to take if the terms put in place are breached. This is according to Valet & Palmer (2001) who hold the belief that no organization can operate without the inclusion of the systematic gathering of information that pertain to giving a clear outline of what employees need to do in a particular job. Job analysis among the senior employees, according to Wilson & Dierdorff (2005) is useful for planning in terms of human resource and counseling the employees on issues regarding their careers. As discussed earlier, job analysis is inclusive of job descriptions and job duties. It is only through job analysis that employees specify at what levels they expect to be promoted and what they are willing to offer to attain such levels. Employees of senior job roles can benefit in such instances as they have specific roles to play and have to report on the kind of job they have completed after a specific time period. In this case, therefore, it becomes easier to weigh the ability of specific senior employees and the roles they perform. Additionally, it becomes easier to assess promotion methodologies on such employees performing such senior roles. Job analysis is useful for training employees in the organization. Job analysis is vital for making decisions regarding the training needs of the employees (Wilson & Harvey, 2000).This can be done through

Difference in Leadership Styles with First Born Children

Difference in Leadership Styles with First Born Children These children would want to achieve a lot. They set high standards and they are perfectionists. It is also stated that they focus on achieving the goals in the educational and occupational settings. The transformational leaders are always driven to achieve the goals set. They are also concerned with helping others solve their problems. They are motivated. They have a vision and they try had to achieve it. They encourage others to achieve and fulfil the goals of the organization. The first born children tend to be hard working. They possess authoritarian characteristics. They want to fulfil the expectations of the family. They are responsible. They are set to achieve their goal. They conform to the rules as they need to fulfil the expectations by the parent. Since they act in the same way their parents they tend to inspire others. They have qualities of others as they have grown up with the parents around and tend to pick those up. Hence, based on the above descriptions it was deduce d that the only children and first born tend to have most often the same characteristics. Many researchers have concluded that only-children and first-borns, regardless of gender, appear to be academic achievers as compared to later born children (Coleston, 2008). Thus, the hypothesis that â€Å"There will be no significant difference between Only children and First born on Transformational Leadership style† was formulated. Transactional Leadership Style Transactional leadership style mainly focuses this attention on the role and task and how this is related to the performance. The transactional leadership theory states emphasize on the relationships that are formed between the leader and follower on account of various exchanges (Burns, 1978 cited in Wheatley, 2010). In 1978, according to Hollander he theorised this leadership as to have various dynamic process. These were mainly in relation with the leader and follower and the interpersonal interactions among the two. These leaders were responsible to give clear instructions. They would reciprocate with the follower and respond to them appropriately. This in turn increased the leader’s influence on them (Hollander, 1978 cited in Wheatley, 2010). These leaders rewarded and gave the followers acknowledgement when the expectations or the goals were met. These leaders mainly negotiate and their roles and responsibilities and there is mutual respect and influence. According to Hei fetz in 1994, these leaders influence their followers and they are also under the followers as it is a reciprocal relationship. According to Burns 2003, leaders who are involved in both the simple and complex situations and they try to achieve the organizational goals (Wheatley, 2010). Only children never lack companionships. From an early age they are used to playing alone with their toys and not forming relationships much. Their job satisfaction most often depends on their urge to attain perfection. An only child will find a setting where they can work alone rather than in a team (Leman, 2009 cited in Murphy, 2012). The first born children are well organized. They feel they must be perfect in everything that they do. They stick to authority and they follow the rules (Kalkan, 2008 cited in Murphy 2012). First borns are seen as highly motivated and most often take charge of the things. First born children generally hold the dominant role over the younger siblings in the family (Tucker and Updegraff, 2010 cited in Murphy, 2012). They often fill high positions of authority in their professions. They set high goals for themselves and they generally would do anything to achieve the goals that they have set (Leman, 2009 cited in Murphy, 2012). According to the above literature review it has been seen that only children prefer working on their own rather in a team and also try to seek perfection. The transactional leaders share a relationship with their followers and clearly explain the roles. The first borns try hard to seek perfection. They are very motivated and do anything to achieve their goals. Hence, the hypothesis stating that â€Å"There will be no significant difference between Only children and First born on Transactional Leadership style† was formulated. Laissez faire leadership style These leaders generally cause confusion as they are in leadership positions but they are not working or associated with any kind of responsibility. They are inactive. (Bass, 1990 cited in Hartog et al 1997) reported negative correlations on laissez-faire leadership and this in turn results in the performance, effort and attitudes. This is the most inappropriate way to lead someone. There is not enough motivation given by them. A leadership theory by Kerr and Jermier proposed that subordinate, task, and, organization are the main characteristics. When there is no leader role the subordinates could be empowered to do work and thus this can result in transformational leadership (Hartog et al 1997). Only children are higher on taking initiative and personal aspiration. They are highly motivated. They focus on educational or occupational achievement more often. These children have stronger individual identities (Mellor, 1989 cited in Collins, 2006).The first born children are often seen as powerful and influential (Murphy, 2012). They operate as being responsible for their family members and in return about the productiveness of them. When they feel that the productivity has not been attained they feel that they were not good enough for the job (Hoopes Harper, 1987 Cited in Klas, 2002). According to the above literature review it can be seen how only children are seen are very motivating and focused. The laissez faire leadership style is one where there is no leadership role taken and they are irresponsible. The first born children are seen as powerful and taking initiative to complete a task. Hence, the hypothesis â€Å"There will be no significant difference between Only children and First born on the Laissez faire leadership style† was formulated. 2.2.1 ii Only children and Last Born Only children according to Adler will occupy a unique position as they don’t have another sibling to compete with. The only child generally becomes the focus of attention to the family (Havighurst, 1960; Leman, 1998 Cited in Klas, 2002).They lead their life with dependence and self-centeredness. They gain their family’s attention throughout their childhood. Later on in life there is this awakening where they are no longer the focus of attention anymore. They never had to compete with others. They usually have difficulty interacting with their peers (Hjelli et al., 1992). Only children do not have the habit of sharing their things with others this by default comes across as being selfish (Leman 1988, cited in Klas, 2002). The Last born children are considered the most outgoing and secure one in the family. They are generally the least academic ones (Herra, 2003 cited in Collins, 2006). They are looked as the least capable one when compared to their siblings. They are also looked as having less experience in comparison to the other siblings in the family. These children may become discouraged as they are not able to fulfil the expectations set by their older siblings and hence they are considered as failures. These children possess strengths such as caring, outgoing, thoughtful and empathizing which are certain personal skills that the other siblings tend not to possess (Snow et al, 1981 cited in Collins, 2006). Transformational Leadership Style In Transformational leadership however, the leader fails to understand followers motives and needs. The focus shifts from the need of the leader to the followers needs. By gaining an understanding of their followers needs, the transformational leader can potentially convert followers into leaders (Chandan et al, 2014). Hence, the hypothesis â€Å" Only children will be higher on Transformational Leadership style as compared to Last Born† was formulated. Transactional Leadership Style According to this theory there is an exchange of rewards between the leaders and the followers. Transactional leaders try to motivate their followers through extrinsic rewards. The roots of Transactional leadership theory is grounded in the social learning and social exchange theories, which recognize the equal nature of leadership. Bass and Avolio described contingent reward as that when the leader will give the subordinate once they have achieved goals that were agreed to. Contingent reward is therefore the exchange of rewards for meeting agreed-on objectives. Transactional leaders can also act by relying on active management by exception which occurs when the leader monitors followers to ensure mistakes are not made. In passive management by exception, the leader interferes only when things go wrong (Chandan et al, 2014). Only children are more autonomous when it comes to personal control. Only children prefer being around things than people. This has been seen from an early age where they play with toys rather than mixing with others. When the other person who the only child interacts with does not understand what he/she is trying to say they often get frustrated (Isaacson, 2004 cited in Murphy 2012). Last born generally have a drive for passion in their live. They strive for different type of success most often to a new innovate way something in which they can excel in and not the same field as their siblings. They are attracted by new ideas and innovations. They haven’t had much of the valuable experiences at home instead they are seen more sociable as they have opportunities outside their homes to develop these social skills (Snow et al, 1981 cited in Collins, 2006). According to the above literature review it can be seen that only children prefer working on their own. They do not like when others do not understand them They prefer things over people. The transactional leadership style is where the leader has a reciprocal relationship with the follower. They motivate their followers by giving rewards. Hence, the hypothesis â€Å" Only children will be significantly lower on Transactional Leadership style as compared to Last borns† was formulated Laissez faire Leadership style These leaders allow the group complete freedom in decision making. They never took part in any discussion of any kind. They dint not participate in working towards a goal as well. There were no appraisals also given to their followers. Hence, as it can be seen by the above literature review that the last born children are more sociable and they have innovate ideas which they excel in and especially good social skills. It can be seen since the last born children would be able to express their needs and give the rewards to their followers as compared to the only children. The hypothesis that â€Å" Last born will be higher on Laissez faire leadership style as compared to only born† was formulated. 2.2.1 iii First Born and Last Born First Born generally behave in a more mature way as they have interacted with adults mostly. They are hence expected to assume responsibilities. They resent having to serve as the models for their younger siblings. They also have to take care and look after their younger siblings. They generally conform to the wishes of the group they belong to. They generally give in to the wishes and are suggestible as they have always conformed to their parent’s wishes most often. They have been overprotected and hence there could be a lack of aggressive behaviour. The generally develop leadership abilities and this happens as since they were small they had to assume responsibilities at the house. They are often seen as bossy to others. They are usually really high achievers and sometimes even overachievers and this is due to the parental expectations that make them perform as they need the parent’s approval for almost everything. They feel replaced by the other sibling and therefore try and achieve a lot of things to gain the approval of their parents. They are unhappy and this stems as they feel really insecure after the other younger sibling has come into their lives (Hurlock, 1981).First born and last born generally occupy different positions in their family. First born constantly keep rankly themselves in relationship to the other people present around them. They generally tend to be more conscientious, intellectual, and socially dominant than later born. On the other hand, later born children are more agreeable, socially gregarious, and non-conforming. First born were always used to the attention given by their parents until the sibling was born, this led to feeling of dethronement and they became more dominant. Later born on the other hand were more agreeable and less conscientious as compared to First born (Sulloway, 2001 cited in Roach, 2006). Last born tend to be wilful. They are spoilt by the family and pampered. There wasn’t much discipline given to them and the parents were not that strict. They had greater feelings of security as there was no displacement for them. They are protected by their parents when the older sibling verbal or physically attack them. This is why they are more dependent and in turn they are irresponsible. They generally underachieve as they do not have much parental demands. They have extremely good social relationships outside the house. They tend to be popular but not good leaders due to their lack of responsibilities. They tend to be happy due to the attention they have received (Hurlock, 1981). Transformational Leadership style They are those people that encourage and motivate the followers to achieve the goals. A transformational leader mostly needs to make decisions quickly. They take each opportunity that is presented to them. These leaders are very persistent. They have a vision and are passionate about it. They possess values such as conviction and a good character. These leaders are caring and they respect other individuals. These leaders are competent as well. These leaders tend to see that their vision is achieved in the organization. They see that there is a change brought about in their subordinates. They are innovative. They tend to integrate the creative insight and intuition within themselves. These leaders focus on the other aspects looking towards the future and not just the current situation they are faced with (Bhargava, 2003). According to the above literature review it can be seen that the first born are more responsible as they have grown up with adults. The last born tend not to take up responsibility and they tend not to be good leaders. This helped in concluded and formulating the hypothesis that â€Å" First born will be higher on Transformational Leadership style as compared to Last born†. Transactional Leadership style Transactional leadership style mainly focuses this attention on the role and task and how this is related to the performance. The transactional leadership theory states emphasize on the relationships that are formed between the leader and follower on account of various exchanges (Burns, 1978 cited in Wheatley, 2010). In 1978, according to Hollander he theorised this leadership as to have various dynamic processes. These were mainly in relation with the leader and follower and the interpersonal interactions among the two. These leaders were responsible to give clear instructions. They would reciprocate with the follower and respond to them appropriately. This in turn increased the leader’s influence on them (Hollander, 1978 cited in Wheatley, 2010). These leaders rewarded and gave the followers acknowledgement when the expectations or the goals were met. These leaders mainly negotiate and their roles and responsibilities and there is mutual respect and influence. According to H eifetz in 1994, these leaders influence their followers and they are also under the followers as it is a reciprocal relationship. According to Burns 2003, leaders who are involved in both the simple and complex situations and they try to achieve the organizational goals (Wheatley, 2010). Last borns are considered as saviours of their family as they give more emphasize to the accomplishments and achievements of their older siblings and this gives them a sense of position of esteem and significance (Stewart et al, 2001). They tend to lack in maturity as they have been pampered by their mothers more often. Since they are given more attention by their mother their extraverted ego is being fed and this is a reason they are considered to be more creative (Nakao et al, 2000 cited in Collins, 2006). According to the transactional approach there exists and active relationship among the leader and follower where they are seen to influence one and another. The leader generally gives rewards to the follower and tries not to use authoritative measures (Wheatley, 2010). Younger siblings are described as being co-operative and outgoing. Investigations have also confirmed that middle born and last born are socially adept as compared to the older siblings (Coleston, 2008). According to the above literature review it was seen that the last born are seen more co-operative as compared to the older sibling who is more authoritative. Hence, the hypothesis that â€Å" Last born will be higher on Transactional Leadership style than First born† was formulated. Laissez Faire Leadership style The laissez faire leadership style is extremely the opposite of the other two leadership styles that are active. This is mostly linked to negative outcomes where there is low motivation seen by the leaders (Wheatley, 2010). There is an absence of any kind of Transaction (Wheatley, 2010).They are very passive leaders (Yammarino Bass, 1990; Yammarino, Spangler Bass, 1993, in Hartog et al 1997). These leaders generally avoid the decision making of the team. They also avoid supervising and taking up this responsibility. First-born when compared to last born children and middle children found that they are more socially adept than the rest. It was seen that the first born and only children had similar traits. They tended to be more self-confident, conscientious, responsible and less empathetic. The younger siblings were seen as rebellious and risk takers (Coleston, 2008). The first born children help to mentor their younger siblings. They tend to be good caretakers. The parents give more attention to the first born as compared to the last born. The last born generally don’t take up responsibilities as the older sibling most often does that for them ( Kluger, 2011 cited in Murphy, 2012) According to the above literature review it can be first born will be more confident and responsible as compared to the last born. The will take up initiative and not rebel as compared to the last born. The laissez faire leadership is one where there is no supervising or responsibility taken. Hence, the hypothesis â€Å" Last born will be higher on Laissez faire leadership style as compared to first born† was formulated. 2.3. Summary The given chapter included a detailed literature on the variables that are studied. The hypotheses that were formulated were based on the reviewed literature and were hence inferred.

Symbiosis between George and Lennie in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men :: Steinbeck Of Mice and Men Essays

A coon dog and a tick, an oak tree with moss on the north side, a termite and its internal bacteria, and a shark with tiny fish that eat the extra meat chunks in between the teeth all have one thing in common: symbiosis. Defined as the interdependence of organisms, symbiosis is the basis of the relationship between George and Lennie in â€Å"Of Mice and Men† by John Steinbeck. One type of symbiosis helps both parties while another type involves one organism being hurt by the exchange. The dog is hurt by the tick while the termites and the bacteria benefit from each other’s presence. These types of symbiosis can occur in humans and are evident in â€Å"Of Mice and Men.† Both types of symbiosis exist between George and Lennie in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The physical symbiosis of George and Lennie is beneficial to Lennie but detrimental to George. Although George used to hurt Lennie, Lennie now needs George to bail him out of trouble. Lennie also profits because he needs a person to tell him what to do. â€Å"He can’t think of nothing to do himself, but he sure can take orders† (39). Lennie is â€Å"a hell of a good worker†(22) and able to â€Å"put up a four-hundred pound bale† (22) but is likely to get himself in trouble without George’s protective influence. George likes Lennie but would be better off without him because â€Å"you (Lennie) can’t keep a job and you lose me ever’ job I get† (11).   Lennie hinders George while George helps Lennie.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The emotional symbiosis between George and Lennie helps each man. Lennie’s attachment to George is most strongly visible when Crooks suggests George is not coming back. Lennie is almost moved to hysterics and his fear does not quickly abate. George prefers to feign dislike for Lennie to Lennie’s face: â€Å"I could get along so easy and so nice if I didn’t have you on my tail† (7). When pressed, George reveals his true feelings for Lennie. â€Å"I want you to stay with me Lennie† (13).   They stay together because â€Å"It’s a lot easier to go around with a guy you know† (35). Both men need and value their strong emotional relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   George and Lennie need each other to achieve their dream of their own farm with rabbits to tend. Lennie could not take care of his rabbits or even survive without George.

Status of Leader

Usually it is perceived that the status of leader always affect the communications within the group and people with a higher status always intimidate people with a lower status since leadership is the procedure by which a leader, by influence, persuades followers to track their objectives for the team. In simpler words, leadership is an act of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement or a specialized form of social interaction †¦ in which cooperating individuals are permitted to influence and motivate others to promote the attainment of group and individual goals. From each of these perceptions, leadership engages a course of influence whereby the leader has an impact on others by inducing them to behave in a certain manner. (Lussier, 2004) In order to influence the team members, the status of the leader plays very important role. People tend to listen and obey the people from higher status. Leadership involves the possession of qualities that lead others to want to follow the leader's directives, either because they feel obligated to do so, or because they desire to do so In other words, leadership is a characteristic that is voluntarily conferred upon a person by others and involves the ability of a person to engage the active and willing cooperation of followers. Leaders come in each size, figure, and temperament — short, tall, neat, sloppy, young, old, male, and female. However, they all seem to have some, if not all, of the subsequent constituents: †¢ The first fundamental constituent of leadership is a guiding vision. The leader has a clear idea of what one desires to get professionally and personally and the strength to persist in the face of setbacks, even failures. If not one knows where one is going, and why, one cannot possibly get there. †¢ The second fundamental constituent of leadership is passion — the underlying passion for the promises of life, combined with a very particular passion for a vocation, a profession, a course of action. The leader loves what he does and loves doing it. Tolstoy said that hopes are the dreams of the waking man. Without hope, we cannot survive, much less progress. The leader who communicates passion gives hope and inspiration to other people. †¢ The next fundamental constituent of leadership is integrity. There are three essential parts of integrity: self-knowledge, candor, and maturity.   (Leadership Qualities, 2005) Hence it is the status of leader always affects the communications within the group and people with a higher status always intimidate people with a lower status References Leadership Qualities, What makes a good leader? Retrieved on September 30, 2006 from http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/leadership-qualities.html Lussier, R.N., ; Achua, C.F. (2004). Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill, Development, (2nd Ed.). Eagan, MN: Thomsen Southwestern. ;

Verification of Heat Treatments Effect on the Microstructure of Aluminum Alloy (Al-Zn)

VERIFICATION OF HEAT TREATMENTS EFFECT ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF ALUMINUM ALLOY (Al-Zn) *1 I. A. LATEEF, and 2 M. O. DUROWOJU 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osun State College of Technology, P. M. B. 1011, Esa – Oke, Nigeria. [email  protected] com 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo,State, Nigeria *(Address of correspondence) ABSTRACT: This study focused on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure of Aluminum – Zinc Alloy. The composition of the Aluminum alloy used is eighty percent (80%) of Aluminum and twenty percent (20%) of Zinc. The method of casting employed is Sand casting, while annealing and quenching were heat treatment processes it’s subjected to. The microstructure is taken. It is concluded that heat treatment have effect on the microstructure of Aluminum – Zinc alloy and responded well to Oil quench. [Keywords: Aluminum-Zinc Alloy, Heat treatment, Microstructure, Tensile test, Hardness test, Annealing and Water quenching. INTRODUCTION The extensive application of metals in the field of Engineering has necessitated the need for metal heat treatments in order to meet the taste of firm, industries and individual as a result of their wide engineering application. One of the major engineering fields where the application of various metals was used is Automobile engineering. In order to reduce motor vehicle weight, many automotive components have been redesigned to take advantage o f material such as lightweight and polymers. To this end aluminum casting alloys are being widely used for many automotive components (CAD, 2006), the alloys have good casting characteristics, reasonable mechanical properties, and are heat treatable (Melo, Rizzo and Santos, 2005). Material science and engineering today has developed to a stage where correlations between microstructure, properties and application can be established for many commonly used alloys. The structure of a material is related to its composition, properties, processing history and performance (Argo and Gruziesk,(1988) and Rooy,(1993)). And therefore, studying the microstructure of aluminum alloys provides information linking its composition and processing to its properties and performance interpretation of microstructure requires the understanding of the process by which various structures are formed. There are many processes by which aluminum alloys can be formed. The major process that is common and the focus of this study is the Sand casting process (Albert, (1957)). One of the common defects in aluminum castings is porosity (Monroe, (2005) and Tyler, 1981)). It is a clear fact that the quantity and the appearance of the porosity are very crucial to the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy casting, most especially the fatigue properties because the pore in micro scale are primary source of initial cracks for the final failure of the aluminum parts. Due to this the aluminum alloys structure need to be improved by metal treatment to have the required properties. Olanrewaju (2000), stated that metal treatments are classified into two groups namely-: Heat treatment and surface treatment. Surface treatment as corrosion resistance operations includes phosphating chroming nickeling, anodization and so on, While heat treatment as structural adjuster includes hardening, tempering toughening and so on (Ojediran and Alamu, (2004) and Vincet,(1968)). In this study, the effects of such heat treatment are determined to know the extent of their impact on the aluminum – Zinc alloys (Al- Zn). MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Materials used The targeted materials composition, uses and forms are as follows: TABLE 1 THE COMPOSITION, USES AND FORMS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS |Composition | Uses | Forms | |Al – Zn 20% |Armored vehicle, Military | Rod (10mm x 150 mm) | | bridge, Motorcycle and | | | |Bicycle frames, | | | |Air frames etc | | Equipments used The following equipments were used for the study: Pit furnace, Sand mould, Electrical furnace, and Crucible Pots at FIIRO, Nigeria. And Mosanto Tensometer, Wild metallurgical Microscope, Polishing Machine,and Manual Grinding Machine at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Others are-Digital Cameral, Patterns, Grit papers, Emery Cloth/Paper, Silicon carbide solution of different grade and NaOH Solution Methods Casting Process A Crucible pots is used, 1 kg of commercial purity Aluminum (99. 7 % pure by weight) and 250g of Zinc is used. The alloying element Zn is put first in the Pot because of its high melting point (1108oc) which is higher than that of the base metal aluminium (660oc). So, the Zinc (Zn) in the pot is lowered first into the furnace while the aluminium is added after Zn has commenced melting. The mass of each of the alloying elements used for each sample can be obtained as follows: Total mass of mixture for the samples= frames Mass of Al + Mass of alloying element = 1kg + 0. 250kg = 1. 250kg Percentage of Aluminum (Al) in the mixture = mass of Al/Total mass x 100 =1/1. 250 x 100 = 80% Percentage of alloying element (Zn) = Mass of alloying element/Total mass x 100 =0. 25 / 1. 50 x 100 = 20% The dimension of one sample is as following: Height of the sample =150mm (15cm) Diameter of the sample = 12 mm (1. 2 cm) Radius of the sample =60mm (0. 6cm) Shape of the sample= Cylindrical Volume of the sample (V) =? r2h = 3. 142 x (0. 6) 2 x 13 = 16. 96 cm3 Density of Aluminum = 2. 69g/cm2 (Olagoke, 1999). Mass of sample used = ? x V = 2. 69 x 16. 96 = 45. 64 g Therefore, 80 % of Aluminum = 36. 51 g for each sample Also, 20% of Alloying element (Zn)= 9. 13 g For each sample (rod form) 36. 51 g Al + 9. 13 g of alloying element (Zn) were used. The samples for heat treatment are: Sample 1 =as received from Casting process. Sample 2 = for quenching in Water. Sample 3 = for Oil quench Sample 4 = for annealing (Furnace cool). The method adopted in casting the samples is sand molding (Sand casting). The casting process is performed at FIIRO Nigeria Limited, Lagos. The pattern is made from wood with the following dimensions Height – 15 cm Diameter – 1. 2 cm The sand used is the traditional-green sand’ which is a mixture of sand grains and clay particles, clean sand with oil and binders). The mould used is a conventional vertical sand mould. The drag is placed upside down on a firm flat surface and the pattern is placed face down and pattern is placed face down and then, dusted with a parting powder. Handfuls of sifted sand are then thrown at the pattern, covering every detail (Sand slinging). The sand is rammed. The drag is turned upside down with a swift movement. The cope is fitted onto the drag. The cope is rammed with sand and strictly making the top smooth and firm. And the cope is removed. The crucible is held about half way down with tongs and withdrawal from he furnace. Dross is raked away from pouring lip with heated skimmer and the metal poured in one continuous stream until it appears at the head of the riser. When the casting has solidified and cooled, the sand is knocked out and the casting fettled. Heat treatments process Heat treatment is also carried out at FIIRO Nigeria limited, Lagos. The types of heat treatment carried out are: Annealing and Quenching. Three each of Al-Zn casting samples were put in the electrical furnace (up to 3300oc). The soaking time for the sample in the furnace is one hour, after which two of the Al-Zn casting samples is removed and quench in both water and oil while the last one of Al-Zn is allowed to cool in the furnace atmosphere (annealing). Microstructure Analysis Process. The microstructure was done at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. The samples were machined and grounded to gauge 240, 320, 400, 600 each using Grinding Machine and Grit paper. Each sample is initially polished, using Polishing machine, emery cloth and Silicon Carbide. The final polishing is done with the aid of Polishing machine, Emery cloth and Silicon carbide of different grades while etching took effect using 5% NaOH Solution. Each sample is examined using the Optical Microscope to check that etch reveal clearly the Microstructure of the sample. The photograph of the resulting microstructure of the aluminum-Zinc (Al- Zn) alloy samples were taken using Optical microscope with x100 magnification and Digital Cameral. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Discussion on the Microstructure Results of Al- Zn Alloys. The figure 2 below shows the microstructure of Al-Zn alloy, As received sample i. without heat treatment. It can be observed that the grains were not homogeneous and pores are numerous towards the peripheral zone Figure 2 Microstructure of As Received; Al – Zn alloy Sample 1. The figure 3 below shows the microstructure of Al –Zn alloy, Oil quenched sample. It can be observed that the grains are more homogeneous and well distributed towards the core. The pores are not numerous compare to Al- Cu alloy, As received sample. Figure 3 Microstructure of Oil Quench; Al – Zn Alloy Sample 3.. Figure 4 below shows the microstructure of Al- Cu alloy, Furnace cooled sample. It can be observed that the grains were deformed at peripheral more than at the core of the structure and there are more pores than that of As received sample and Oil quenched sample. this indicates that there is no significant improvement in the microstructure arrangement of grains when Al-Cu alloy is oil quenched Figure 4 Microstructure of Furnace Cooled; Al – Zn Alloy Sample 4. Figure 5 below shows the microstructure of Al- Zn alloy, Water quenched sample. It can be observed that the grains were deformed throughout the structure and there are more pores than that of As received sample and Oil quenched sample. This indicates that there is no significant improvement in the microstructure arrangement of grains when Al-Zn alloy is Water quenched. Figure 5 Microstructure of Water Quench; Al – Zn Alloy Sample 2. . CONCLUSION From the result of the experiments, it can be deduced that: (i) The arrangement of the microstructure grains and pores are more even with the Oil quench method than any other heat treatment methods in Al – Zn alloy. (ii) There is relationship between the heat treatments method (Oil quench) and microstructure of Al- Zn alloy. iii) Oil quench Aluminium Zinc alloy (Al – Zn ) is more appropriate for the production of Armored vehicle, Military bridge, Motorcycle frames and Bicycle frames and Air frames ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The workers of FIIRO Nigeria limited,Lagos and Mr Alo of Metallurgy and Material Department, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile- Ife, Osun State, Nigeria are acknowledge for providing the facilities for this research work. REFERENCES Ojediran, J. O . and Alamu, O. J. (2005) Fundamental concepts in Materials Science and Engineering; Kunle (Nig) Printers; Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria. Vol. 1, 1st ed, pp. 46. Vincet, A. (1968) Workshop Theory for G. C. E. Metalwork and Engineering; Macmillan, 2ed, pp. 11- 14. Olagoke, S. A. (1999) Properties of Materials; Rosad and Company, Ibadan, 1st ed, pp. 210 – 211. Tyler, H. A. (1981) Science and Materials (Level iii); Van Nostrand Reinhold Limited, Australia,1st ed, pp. 170 Copper Development Association (CAD 2006) Standards and Properties – Microstructure of copper alloys Albert P. G. (1957) The fundamentals of Iron and Steel castings; The international Nickel Company, Inc. U. S. A. , pp. 11 Melo, M. L. N. , Rizzo, E. M. S. and Santos, R. G. 2005) Numeral Simulation Application in Microporosity Prevision in Aluminum alloy castings; Revisa Brasileira Applicacoes de Vacuo, vol. 24, pp. 36-40. Monroe, R. (2005) Porosity in casting; Schaumburg, USA, Siver Anniversary Paper, Division 4,American Foundry Society. pp. 1 – 28. ASM Metals Handbook,(1988); 9ed, Vol. 15, Casting, ASM Rooy, E. E. (1993) Hydrogen: Th e one- third Solution AFS Transactions, Vol. 101, and PP. 961 – 964. Argo, D. and Gruzleski J. E. (1988) Porosity in Modified Aluminum alloy Castings, AFST Transactions, Vol. 96, and pp. 65 – 73. ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

Writing effective marketing materials, Medtech Business - Emphasis

Writing effective marketing materials, Medtech Business Writing effective marketing materials, Medtech Business Medical technologies may cross language barriers, but words are the building blocks of a marketing message. Rob Ashton of Emphasis explains how mastering writing skills can help you target and influence the right people. Your company has created an exciting medical innovation. Lets say its a new technology that replaces faulty heart valves without the need for open-heart surgery. Its been patented and is ready to take the world by storm. Not only will it save lives, in the long run it will also save hospitals considerable time and money. The technology may be impressive, but convincing the relevant decision-makers to buy the product is easier said than done. As you know, healthcare is a fast-moving area and your innovation will be fighting for attention with the scores of new products, techniques and studies released every day. Your sales team will be promoting the benefits of the product in sales presentations and one-to-one meetings. You can pave the way by creating compelling marketing materials that will generate interest even excitement before those meetings take place. But simply making such material available wont guarantee that your message is heard. Most managers have a stack of reports, letters and e-mails to wade through on a daily basis. Reading a leaflet or letter on a new heart surgery technology may be the least of their priorities. Thats why your marketing materials need to be carefully crafted. They need to be written in language that prompts your reader to take action. A powerful, well-written document can make even the most harried managers sit up and take notice. It can convince them that they need your product. But it must address their needs, not yours. How can you write marketing materials that will really get your products noticed? Do the groundwork Whether youre writing a leaflet, a poster or web content, you need to prepare. Research your market fully before you start and make sure you understand all the challenges your prospects face. A nursing home will have different needs from an NHS hospital, for example. So avoid a one size fits all approach to your marketing. Keep your focus on the reader by asking yourself the following questions: What is the document about? Who will read it? How much do they already know about the subject? What do they absolutely need to know? How important is the subject to them? How interested are they in the subject? (Note that readers arent always interested in whats important to them. So you often need to make them interested.) Then grab a pen and paper and brainstorm all the ways that your product can help to meet your prospects challenges. Use the headings Who? What? Where? When? and Why? to help this process. Then use the information to write a set of powerful reasons why they should buy your product. Arrest the reader The seven steps below will help you to write effective leaflets, posters, sales letters and web content. Create a snappy headline Eye-scanning studies of website users by research body Eyetrack III have shown that people read only the first two words of a headline and ignore the introductory sections. So it is essential to create a compelling statement that will motivate people to read on. For example, a headline that reads Hospitals gain 20 more beds a week through nanotechnology is striking because of the first two words: hospitals are usually overcrowded, so this introduces a solution to a familiar problem. Find an angle Generate more interest by including facts and statistics that relate to the problems faced by your audience. Appeal to their logic and explain how your product makes a difference. For example, you could write: The new nanotechnology means patients spend 40% less time convalescing. Bite the bullet The Eyetrack III research also revealed that only one in six people actually read websites sentence by sentence. Naomi Baron, a linguistics professor at the American University in Washington DC, calls this the search and seize approach. Assuming that your readers will treat all your documents like this will help you to create clear written work. So include lots of bullet points and subheadings and use important words that your readers will be looking for. Make your writing as simple as possible, but dont be afraid to use jargon if youre certain your readers will understand it. Jargon can actually help to build rapport but its a fine balance between that and alienating some readers. Be active Use the active voice where possible. For instance, write You should notice a difference in three days rather than A difference within three days can be expected. Give proof Boost your credibility by using testimonials or endorsements where leading experts have spoken about the technology. Offer a next step Make sure you tell the reader what to do next. In a letter, you might ask them to call you for more information. Or a leaflet might direct them to your website. Keep it simple Always choose simple words over complicated ones. And if you cant say a sentence all in one breath, the chances are that its too long. Aim for a maximum of 1520 words per sentence. Mail mastery According to an Emphasis survey of 200 companies in the UK, senior managers say that at least a fifth of the e-mails they receive are poorly written. So remember to take as much care over your e-mails as you do with your other marketing materials. The first step is to create a descriptive subject line. For instance, Follow-up documents from 20 March meeting may be accurate but if your e-mail is designed to market a product, you need to be creative. Five ways hospitals can save 50 minutes a day should be intriguing enough to persuade a manager to open your e-mail. Structure your e-mail by following the SCRAP formula: Situation Start by explaining the situation (where they are). Complication Introduce the idea that theres a problem (why they cant stay there) they need to solve or a request they need to fulfil. Resolution State how you can resolve the problem or request. Its likely that your reader will be glad to see a practical, considered solution, whatever it is. Action Suggest what action the reader can or should take. Politeness End with a polite sign-off. Following this formula will help your readers to understand your message clearly. (You can apply the same principles to your follow-up letters.) It can be difficult to read lengthy documents on a PC. So if your message wont fit on one screen, use an attachment for the details. You can make the message easier to read by including subheadings. But take extra care with e-mails. Remember that its very easy for them to go viral. So only write what you dont mind having broadcast on the 10 OClock News. Hot news Having news reports or features appear in newspapers and magazines is an excellent way to build credibility with the people you want to influence. Press releases are the standard format for sending journalists news. But with so many in circulation, it can be difficult to get yours noticed. Journalists are also starting to bite back against releases that are poorly written, irrelevant to their needs or little more than thinly-veiled sales pitches. How do you get your press release to the top of the pile? The secret is to give journalists exactly what they want: a news story. The headline is the most important part of your document. Press releases can be very effective if you tie the headline to a topical event. For instance, Medical software helps Haiti earthquake victims is compelling because it ties the technology to a major global health crisis. And it presents a clear angle that makes people want to read on. Next, state the facts of the story. Get to the good stuff straight away, as journalists wont have time to wade through background information. Try to put the word today in the first sentence to show that its news. For example, you could write: Doctors implemented a patient database today in Haiti. If you cant say today then use the present perfect tense (Doctors have saved) rather than the past tense (Doctors saved) where possible, as the former implies something closer to the moment. After using the present perfect tense, use the future tense to show that you have your finger on the pulse. So you could write: Doctors will now be able to track patient progress 75% faster than before. Using figures in this way is very effective. But where possible, also include people in your document. So opt for One in four people will benefit rather than 25% will benefit. Finally, go back to your first sentence and ask yourself: So what? If you cant answer that, your message isnt compelling enough. Refine your document until youre convinced that its news that cannot be ignored. Think of writing marketing material as an investment. Dont be disheartened if a campaign doesnt immediately strike gold. Keep working on your writing style and aim to make it as punchy as possible. The more you practise, the more youll be able to write your way to marketing success. Rob Ashton is Chief Executive of Emphasis, the specialist business-writing trainers.