Female Prisoners With Mental Health Issues - 1521 Words

Multiple sources confirm that the population of female prisoners is rapidly increasing in the United States. The population now far exceeds one million prisoners (Bloom Covington, 2008) (Lewis, 2000). It is pertinent to recognize the group of female offenders with mental illness; they are a group that is seldom considered when pondering societal groups relating to communication. Through substantial research, several issues that ail this community have been distinguished and can be connected to communication, as this work will reveal. Some of these issues include the reality of self-harm, histories of sexual and physical abuse, and aggressive behavior. Through the review of literature related to female prisoners with mental health†¦show more content†¦Lord, the author of â€Å"The Challenges of Mentally Ill Female Offenders in Prison.† Lord discusses the need for attention to be directed toward inmates suffering from mental illness. The journal notes that many reactiv e signs of some mental illness may include self-harm, rule breaking, and aggression, which can lead to segregation in prison rather than treatment for mental illness. Lord emphasizes the need for special settings or programs and treatment to accommodate the mentally ill (Lord, 2008). Unfortunately minimal data exists about the current prevalence of psychiatric disorders ailing the large population of female prisoners with mental health issues, other than data from years in the past. Lewis explains that the lack of current data impacts the difficulty of addressing the various needs of inmates through the development of new programs (Lewis, 2000). Many of the journal articles within this review address treatment for female inmates with mental health needs. Literature Review Addressing Mental Illness It has already been established that the prison population for female offenders is growing, but the complexity of the population is changing as well. Special populations make up the group of female offenders, specifically including middle-aged inmates, physically ill inmates, and of course mentally ill inmates (Lewis, 200). The pathology of these women vary, many struggle or previously struggled with substance abuse, psychosis,

Nutrition in Elderly People - 3480 Words

Nutrition in Elderly People Nutrition in elderly people is most often compromised as compared to that of the younger generation. This is because the older folks are faced with multiple, recurrent diseases, which affect their immune systems in several ways, one of them being the over usage of medication which suppress the immune system (Alberti KG, 2005). Under-nutrition is exceedingly a common condition among the elderly, and therefore, people are not aware that many of them also suffer from overweight and obesity. The aging process is not the cause of malnutrition but people have formed an opinion that there is a relation between malnutrition and the aging process. They forget that under-nutrition in the elderly is as a result of the following common risk factor such as; social isolation, stroke, housebound, gait and balance disorder, swallowing disorder, Parkinsons disease, adverse drug reactions, chronic pain, fractured hip, depression and recent hospitalization (Escott-Stump, 2008). Therefore, all these risk factors must be taken into consideration especially when managing an elderly persons nutrition. Nutrition in the elderly has become a common problem due to the scenarios where doctors pay little or no attention to the nutritional status of the elderly person hence leading to a high number of nutrition related cases among the elderly than other age groups. Medical practitioners are used to the normal classification of underweight the greatest nutritionalShow MoreRelatedNutrition And The Home Bound Elderly1394 Words   |  6 PagesNutrition and the Home Bound Elderly The provision of nutrition services is critical to all individuals as it ensures the access to healthy food as well as education on proper nutrition. However, the ill and the elderly have an increased need for nutrition services as this could facilitate disease management, improve health outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Past studies and research have shown that nutritional support of the elderly and the ill could improve the quality of life in terms healthRead More The Elderly and Malnutrition Essays1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Elderly and Malnutrition      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At any age, nutrition is vital to maintaining health and enhancing quality of life.   However, achieving good nutrition can be especially difficult for the elderly, the fastest growing portion of Americas population.   Many factors, including physiological changes, changes in nutritional needs, illness and physical limitations, food-medication interactions, depression and loneliness, and food insecurity are common causes of malnutrition in the elderlyRead MoreFood Assistance Programs For Food Aid Programs1450 Words   |  6 Pages† As a result of this data an increase in societal level food interventions are important to implement to meet the nutritional needs of the elderly. 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Consequently, because of ineffectiveRead MoreNutrition For Kids : Nutrition1704 Words   |  7 Pagesbody weight or 2-3 liters per day† (healthyeating.sfgate.com). Good nutrition means getting the right amount of nutrients from healthy foods in the right combinations. Knowing about nutrition and making smart choices about the foods you eat can help you achieve good health. Good health avoids obesity and a great number of illnesses. Nutrition for Kids Nutrition is very important for everyone, but especially for kids. Nutrition is directly linked to all aspects of their growth and development. ItRead MoreThe Importance Of Nutrition On Our Daily Lives1683 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years we have come to discover the importance of nutrition on our daily lives. Our daily nutritional intake affects every aspect of our functioning, especially as we age. Unfortunately this factor is too often overlooked. It is imperative that we truly understand the impact of proper nutrition on our lives, as aging is a complex process. Over time the human body accumulates damage in many of its major systems. Countless hours of research have gone into studying the human body and how itRead MoreElderly Nutrition1540 Words   |  7 Pagesolder population will continue expand in size and diversity. Individual older people differ greatly from one another in their nutrient requirements and need for nutrition services. The aging individual in good health who exercises regularly and takes few medications may have nutrient requirements that are similar to those of younger adults of the same sex, build, and health status. Conversely, the chronically ill elderly adult who is regularly taking a wide variety of drugs is likely to have increasedRead MoreElderly Nutrition1532 Words   |  7 Pagesolder population will continue expand in size and diversity. Individual older people differ greatly from one another in their nutrient requirements and need for nutrition services. The aging individual in good health who exercises regularly and takes few medications may have nutrient requirements that are similar to those of younger adults of the same sex, build, and health status. Conversely, the chronically ill elderly adult who is regularly taking a wide variety of drugs is likely to have increasedRead MoreFood Requirements For The Elderly994 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1. THE ELDERLY Food requirements for the elderly Calorie needs- The age increase of the elderly means that their activity level is minimum, this leads to the elderly needing to consume less calories than before. Depending on the physical active level of the senior, The National Policy and Resource Centre on Nutrition and Ageing from Florida University suggests that males aged 50 to 70 need approximately 2,220 calories per day. While females aged 50 to 70 require 1,980 calories per day. AfterRead MoreThe Greater Cleveland Food Bank828 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization that serves Northeastern Ohio and was founded in 1979. The organization seeks to bring nutritious meals those that are most affected by hunger and poor nutrition in the region, such as low income families and elderly. The organization is headquartered on the eastern side of Cleveland, OH. 1 Statement of need, purpose, rationale Nutrition plays an important role in one’s health, an unhealthy diet can be a contributing factor for overall poor health. In fact, it can even lead to numerous enduring

Diversity in Law Enforcement the Report Free Essays

The Everly Police Department is facing a problem in which there is not an policy or procedure in which complaints from the newly formed Diversity Complaint Bureau can follow to resolve the complaints that are being submitted. Analysis Recently a report was made public by the Minority Police Officers Organization regarding the lack of diversity within the Everly Police Department. Results detailed the fact the Everly Police Department is a male dominated and paramilitary force and it has not taken any steps in order to promote or celebrate it. We will write a custom essay sample on Diversity in Law Enforcement: the Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Numbers show that the majority of all force members are white males, with the minority being women, Hispanics, African-Americans and Asians. Since this report was made public the newly appointed assistant superintendant of public for administration, Linda Michaelson, has been given the role of damage controller in order to reverse the results of the report and show the public that the Everly Police Department is diverse and that they have the right procedures in place for employees to submit their complaints regarding diversity in the department. Linda started by formulating a plan for a new bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau called Diversity Complaints. This plan was approved by both the superintendant and the city council and was put into action. The plan brought forward some hesitation from both mid-level field-commanders and union representative as they felt as if someone was always going to be looking over their work and it was not approved into agreements by union officials. The plan was put into action anyway and proved to be successful with 7 complaints submitted within the first month. Complaints are submitted by forms which can be accessed through a variety of sources, including electronically (on-line) and hardcopy (a copy mailed to each employee, and located visibly in all departments). Once a form is complete, it is submitted via email or regular post. From a complete formal complaint, an internal affairs detective would investigate it and form a reasonable resolution. Linda suggested that the ending resolution of a complaint could come in the form of sensitivity training to employees or possible position dismissal of employees involved. Once a resolution has been reached the complaining employee would be contacted. With seven complaints in one month, reviewed and investigated, Linda and her fellow diversity bureau employees had one more step to take and that was to resolve the complaints in fashion in which all parties involved would be disciplined, should the complaint be legitimate after the complaint was investigated. This is where Linda was stumped. Linda needs to formulate a guideline for the Diversity Bureau to follow once a complaints investigation is complete. The guidelines must be fair to the parties involved. Another problem is that each complaint is going to be different so it is going to hard to set a resolution for each and every complaint that may be submitted. Individual(s) Linda Michaelson has been with the Everly Police Department for 22 years and was the key player in the making of the ‘Hostile Work Environment’ report and implementation process of a new bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau called ‘Diversity Complaint’ within the department. She like most started off as a patrol officer and moved her way up into higher positions within the department. According to the case however, these moves up did not come easily without critism and judgement from other officers, as she was a female in a male dominated field of work. Her positions have included being a patrol officer, a public school safety officer, a contact for the detective bureau and most recently an assistant superintendent of police for administration. Linda’s father was a retired sergeant with the Everly Police Department and always gave Linda advice on how to overcome the biases of her gender in the department. He also was her greatest supporter of following her dreams to keep moving up. He gave advice saying ‘to be the best at what she did’. As now the assistant superintendant of police for administration, one of Linda’s roles was to manage the results of the recently released report, paid for by the Minority Police Officers Organization, on the diversity within the Everly Police Department which came back as quite damaging to the force. Linda was told that her job was to do the damage control for the results. Linda was able to relate and react to some of the complaints being issued and brought forward by fellow department employees as she too has been the subject to gender and sexual harassment in the workforce and has seen others be subject to the same. Linda was influenced by her father to succeed and move higher in the force if she wished to do so. As woman in the male dominated career field she knew it would not be easy and her father was the one who gave her advice on how to proceed, especially if someone got in her way and told her she could not do it, or gave her difficultly doing what she has wanted. Linda knew that even though she was a woman, there was no job within the department that a man could do better than her. With these thoughts she proceeded to move up and not letting anyone get in her way. I believe that the Everly Police Department could have indeed avoided the situation in which they have now found themselves in. Should the Everly Police Department had done something, whether it be their own research, changes with time and the changing workforce in their in existing policies and procedures for complaints, they would not be in such a reputation damaging situation. With the new formation and implementation of a Diversity Complaint bureau within the Internal Affairs Bureau, Linda hope to achieve an easier, more effective and trusting way for employees to have their complaints and biases heard. She also wishes to achieve effective ways to respond and actions to take when dealing with the complaints; a way that the incidents will be resolved and a way that will ensure that they will not happen again. Linda can justify feeling the way she does about the need of this new bureau to be formed in the Everly Police Department as she has been the subject first hand to workplace harassment and the hesitance that many people feel when making a complaint to the superintendant or union member. Linda’s passion to create a diversity complaint bureau that all employees can submit a complaint(s) to without judgement and fear of the complaint being thrown out or not resolved is very much present. This new venture will make all employees, minority or majority, feel a lot more comfortable and place more trust on the organization should there be a procedure in which results and implications are being made. I do not believe that there is another explanation for the current situation in which the Everly Police Department is in. They clearly have an issue of corruption in the complaints department that has now made employees scared, anxious and uncomfortable at their place of work, which is clearly not acceptable. Until this time, there was no talk of trying to fix the issues that they have in regards to diversity within the organization or the policies and procedures for employees to follow to submit complaints. Organization The Everly Police Department has found themselves to now have a very bad public image and bad reputation for being un-diversified. The department never took upon themselves to look into and hire an outside source to research the diversity within the department. Now, an outside organization called the Minority Police Officers Organization has completed that task and has released the results to the public through many media sources. In having these results published severe damage has been done to the department. It shows them to be a male dominated, paramilitary organization, in which has no ability to integrate minorities. The department has also never considered the re-vamping or the new creation of a way for employees to submit complaints in confidence, knowing that action will be reached and not thrown out because of corruption within the complaint process. The department may have also found themselves to be in this predicament as they have never approached employees on the states of the program that they have in place now. They do not know how employees feel about the processes that are in place now and whether or not employees are feeling that the complaints are being adequately resolved and are not reoccurring. Within the Everly Police Department there has been no recent change in the policies and procedures that employees must take to submit a complaint. For years complaints were to be submitted to the superintendant or to a union representative. They then were suppose to take the complaints and resolve the issue at hand. Many times, as stated in the case, these complaints were disregarded as the superintendent or union representative said that the complaint was not legitimate and that the older employees are still adhering to policies from 20 years ago, the one that they were used to. The external environment is pushing the Everly Police Department to change it values. The department is stuck on values that were established 20 plus years ago. The generation that is now being employed is a generation that wants values where everyone is accepted, where there is no discrimination in the hiring process, and where harassment amongst co-workers in any form is not tolerated. In today society many people of all races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions are entering the workforce and are determined to be treated as an equal. There is no explanation or reason why they should not be, they are the same as everyone else and can perform the same tasks no matter what their gender, race, ethnic background or religious beliefs, and the pressure is high for organizations to conform to these societal expectations. External organizations have now gone as far as pursuing their own research studies into the values, policies and procedures of the police department and are publicising reports that are being proven to be very damaging to the department. The present situation could have been prevented if the Everly Police Department’s structure and policies had been different. Should the structure and policies have been updated and revamped with the newer values of the new generation of employees and older employees educated on the ways why they should also open their minds to change, I do believe that the report that the Minority Police Offers Organization has publicised would not have been so damaging. The Everly Police Department has made the right decision in regards to the damage control of the report that was made public. It has taken the right steps in asking Linda to create and implement the new bureau for diversity complaints. Although this move has been long overdue and the reputation of the Everly Police Department has been given a bad name, I believe that it was the push that they needed. This new bureau has already shown to be successful as within one month seven complaints have already been submitted. Now, Linda and the diversity complaint bureau must work together in order to form the right set of procedures that will allow for all complaints to be resolved and limit the complaints on the same action in the future. How to cite Diversity in Law Enforcement: the Report, Essay examples

Case Study Palliative Health Care Provision

Question: Write about theCase Studyfor Palliative Health Care Provision. Answer: Introduction In the case study provided, Harry Nelson is a terminally ill individual suffering from the last stage cancer. He is required to get medical care from the hospital, however, prefers to get it from his home. The condition of the patient is deteriorating, but due to the experience of not receiving care in many facilities, he refuses to go to the hospital and does not apply to advanced care. His daughter is in constant worry that her father has lost value for life, therefore, seeks for help from the palliative care despite the ethical conflict between them. The team analyses his condition and takes him to the hospital about their professional code of conducts, personal morality, principlism theory and the International Prague Charter relating to palliative care. In case study one, Harry Nelson has cancer which is in its last stages but insists on receiving medical care at his family home. The ethical conflict presented in this case scenario is the palliative care. According to his situation, he is reliable to receive further treatment and health care. Therefore, the palliative medical team finds it fit to take him to a medical facility in spite of his constant protestations (Brazil, Kassalainen, Ploeg Marshall, 2010). His daughter Stacey is always worried about the health of her father therefore and believes if he got increased medical attention, he would have a chance to live longer. Palliative health care is a policy that is used to guide nurses and caregivers in the provision of health care solutions to the critically ill persons. Palliative care aims in providing patients suffering from chronic illness with mental and emotional care support for the family and the patients. Also, the policy is aimed at helping to relieve or manage the pa in a paint is experiencing thus relieving them of their suffering. In the case study, when the palliative care team arrives at Harry's home to find conflicts however as per the rules guiding them, they take him to hospital despite his refusal (Drummond, Sculpher, Claxton, Stoddart Torrance 2015). Regarding the case scenario provided, the legally and ethical approach to addressing the conflict presenting itself is the patient choice. In this method, the family members and the nurses disagree with the personal choices of the patient especially in cases where the decisions are aimed at not helping the recovery process. According to the case study, Harry is aware of is inevitable death and therefore refuses to seek proper medical care because he thinks that it would not be of help to him (Naylor, Kurtzman, Olds Hirchman, 2011). The law of the land expects that every person receives correct and sustainable medical practice despite his or her condition and their perspectives. Legally Harry is entitled to the choices he makes regarding his treatment process however due to his condition, his legal right to personal choice is objected, and as a result, the palliative team takes him to hospital despite his knockback. Personal choice also is a logical approach regarding the health of a critically ill person. Many people suffering from chronic illnesses such as cancer prefer to receive treatment at home near their family and friends. However, home treatment may not be effective to the patient who needs constant care and observation. In most observed case, the health of a critically ill person receiving treatment from home tends to deteriorate because they are not getting nursing care at home leave alone the general care given by their family members (Smith et al., 2012). The decreasing health conditions of the patients also puts a strain in the mental and emotional status of friends and relatives as they tend to be always worried about the outcome of the disease. According to the case study, Harry prefers home treatment but while at it; his health deteriorates despite receiving care from his daughter thus forming a cause of conflict between the two individuals. Also, he has his daughter always worr ied when he chokes on his food prompting her to call the ambulance. The personal choice approach towards palliative care is relevant to the principle guiding medical ethics of selection of medical attention. Many patients who are terminally ill prefer to be treated at the comfort of their homes. In the case scenario, Harry opted to remain at home and receive treatment while at home. However, the home treatment is not effective because his condition is slowly worsening. As part of the patient's choice site of care, many of them prefer to be treated at home near their loved ones (Snyder, 2012). The home care treatment procedure is a primary therapy for the recovery of the patient because it hastens the process. However, despite the selection made by the patient, it is legally and morally right not to honor the choice if the health of the individual is continually worsening. The scenario provided a clear indication for this when the daughter of the patient called the ambulance that took her father to seek more medical attention. The personal choice approach is also relevant to the professional code of ethics that govern the nursing health care provision of whole person care. Whole person care is a procedure applied to the patient when treatment therapy seems not to be working or ceases to be effective. Overall care person strategy is aimed at dealing with all life aspects of living of a person. It is designed to improve healing and living rather than dying or pain evasion (Quill Abernethy, 2013). Whole person care is a procedure that cares for the emotional, mental and physical well-being of the patient. According to the study, a conflict exists between a daughter and her father regarding further treatment for the illness. The patient feels that he is too weak and sickly to gain from any medication; therefore, he refuses to go to the hospital and take heed in preparing for health care that is advanced. Legally and ethically the palliative care unit comes and moves him to a hospital setting. There is a conflict existing between the daughter and the father because Stacey believes if her father agrees on seeking advanced medical care his health would be improved and elevated towards recovery. However, the father who is a patient in this case scenario is not interested in more health care provisions due to his past experiences whereby he has exhausted all medical care services (Wool, 2013). Harry now does not believe that advanced care would be of help because of the current situation. Currently, his health is weakening further but is ignorant as he believes he cannot be saved and is apparently aware of his pending demise. To avert this mindset patients like Harry should be assisted in seeking attention that aims at reducing physical and psychosomatic problems. In the full care of a person, the dignity and self-worth of an individual are raised hence promotes quality living of the patient. The personal choice approach is a legal and ethical defensible approach addressing palliative care and holds quite a great relevance in the medical code of professional conduct which is reflectivity and ethics. Doctors are supposed to practice reflection of their patient's condition in an ethical way maintaining high levels of privacy. According to the case study provided, Harry Nelson is a cancer patient requiring palliative care from a hospitalized setting however he chooses to remain at his family home for the same. However, home care does not do favor his health as it is worsening hence his daughter decides to call in the palliative care for support (Cassel Rich 2010). On arrival, the team realizes that there is a conflict between the two about an attempt to seek advanced medical. Despite the current issues the team examines the condition of the patient and reflects on the best way forward. With the help of Harry's daughter, they make a joined decision to take him to hospital de spite his denial as a step relating to their expected code of conduct of ethics. The Prague Charter is an international charter whose aim is to urge governments of nations to make sure that palliative care is a right. Working together with individual national bodies such as "European Association Palliative Care," the charter insists that palliative care provision is a legal right for the affected individuals. The charter provides that all the terminally ill people receive care even though treatment to them has ceased to be of importance or lack meaning. According to the study, the team applies the requirements of the charter and aims to heed to them despite the current existing conflict between Harry and his daughter, Stacey (Spring et al., 2014). When they arrive at the patient's family home, they assess the condition of Harry and determine that he passes the requirements needed for transport and hospitalization. Despite the constant objections from the patient, they carry him for further medical care regarding the Prague Charter. According to the charter, the health care personnel should receive adequate knowledge and skills to ease their time when dealing with patients suffering from chronic diseases. When the medical care fraternity can work efficiently with patients needing palliative care, then they are in a position to give advice to family and the patients of the importance of registering for further treatment. About the case study, Harry stopped seeking medical attention and also has not registered for advanced medical care program (Ellershaw, 2011). The act may be out of ignorance or may be out of lack of knowledge of the importance surrounding the program. The palliative care team should have been in a position to follow up if the patient had applied for the program and offer advice accordingly. Harry is aware of his worsening condition is probably not seeking medical care because of the awareness of his near death. About this, the team should be in a position to advise him accordingly so that he can regain his sense of self-worth and value for living. The theory of principlism is a framework used in the medical field so as to deal with conflicts revolving the health care of a patient with a terminal disease. It also deals in defining the moral ethics that should be followed by practitioners during medical provision for the critically sick. In this theory, four main ideas are used during the delivery of palliative care they include justice, beneficence, non-maleficence and patient anatomy respect. Justice is a principle that promotes same health delivery for the patients needing palliative care (Schmidin Oliver, 2015). About the case study, the health care team practice of justice when they receive a call from Stacey and respond immediately. Also, they do not give up on their efforts to provide care despite the objections offered by the patient hence promoting justice in their performance. Beneficence and non-maleficence are closely related principles. Beneficence principle seeks to find the benefits that are reaped to seek medica l care and the relative cost of the provision while non-maleficence wants to reduce the likeliness of harm. In many instances, nurses and practitioners are forced to respect these principles even though their requirements tend not to comply with the human anatomy or their choices (Duke Bennett, 2010). To conclude, the Harry is a cancer patient needing health care in a hospital setting, but he opts to stay at home where he raised his family. Due to this reason, an ethical conflict arises between him and his daughter. His daughter believes if he took some time to seek further medical care his illness would be more manageable. However, on the contrary, Harry Nelson does not believe in more medical advice as he has exhausted all the systems and as a result, he does not apply for advanced medical care. His daughter is always worried due to his deteriorating health condition hence calls for help from the palliative care team who arrives to find a conflict between the two individuals. About the conflict, a personal choice approach is used to contact the dispute however in relevance to the principles of health care ethics he is ferried to hospital despite him refusing. The professional code of ethics of importance and ethics is used to deal with the conflict between the daughter of the pa tient and the patient. The Prague Charter is one of the international charters that guide the palliative care of the terminally ill hence it provides it as a human right to be assimilated by governments. The ethical theory surrounding this conflict is the theory of principlism that suggests that the actions of an individual are guided by their moral and ethical background. The theory is supported by four directives which are non-maleficence, beneficence, the anatomy of human body respect and justice all of which are used by medical personnel to provide palliative care. References Brazil, K., Kassalainen, S., Ploeg, J., Marshall, D. (2010). Moral distress experienced by health care professionals who provide home-based palliative care. Social science medicine, 71(9), 1687-1691. Cassell, E. J., Rich, B. A. (2010). Intractable End?of?Life Suffering and the Ethics of Palliative Sedation. Pain Medicine, 11(3), 435-438. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015). Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Duke, S., Bennett, H. (2010). Review: a narrative review of the published ethical debates in palliative care research and an assessment of their adequacy to inform research governance. Palliative Medicine, 24(2), 111-126. Ellershaw, J. (2011). Care of the dying: a pathway to excellence. Oxford University Press, USA. Mansfield, S. J., Morrison, S. G., Stephens, H. O., Bonning, M. A., Wang, S. H., Withers, A. H., ... Perry, A. W. (2011). Social media and the medical profession. Med J Aust, 194(12), 642-4. Naylor, M. D., Aiken, L. H., Kurtzman, E. T., Olds, D. M., Hirschman, K. B. (2011). The importance of transitional care in achieving health reform. Health affairs, 30(4), 746-754. Padeletti, L., Arnar, D. O., Boncinelli, L., Brachman, J., Camm, J. A., Daubert, J. C., ... Israel, C. (2010). EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on the management of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices in patients nearing end of life or requesting withdrawal of therapy. Europace, euq275. Quill, T. E., Abernethy, A. P. (2013). Generalist plus specialist palliative carecreating a more sustainable model. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(13), 1173-1175. Radbruch, L., de Lima, L., Lohmann, D., Gwyther, E., Payne, S. (2013). The Prague Charter: urging governments to relieve suffering and ensure the right to palliative care. Palliative Medicine, 27(2), 101-102. Schmidlin, E., Oliver, D. (2015). Palliative care as a human right: What has the Prague charter achieved. Eur J Palliat Care, 22(3), 141-143. Smith, T. J., Temin, S., Alesi, E. R., Abernethy, A. P., Balboni, T. A., Basch, E. M., ... Peppercorn, J. M. (2012). American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: the integration of palliative care into standard oncology care. Journal of clinical oncology, 30(8), 880-887. Snyder, L. (2012). American College of Physicians Ethics ManualSixth EditionACP Ethics Manual. Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(1_Part_2), 73-104. Sprung, C. L., Truog, R. D., Curtis, J. R., Joynt, G. M., Baras, M., Michalsen, A., ... Bulpa, P. (2014). Seeking worldwide professional consensus on the principles of end-of-life care for the critically ill. The Consensus for Worldwide End-of-Life Practice for Patients in Intensive Care Units (WELPICUS) study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 190(8), 855-866. Wicclair, M. R. (2011). Conscientious objection in health care: an ethical analysis. Cambridge University Press. Wool, C. (2013). State of the science on perinatal palliative care. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, 42(3), 372-382.